B:6 Inheritance,Variation and Evolution Paper 2 Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
Write a Definition of DNA and what’s is a DNA Molecule made up of and what do they make?
A
- DNA Is Deoxyribonucleic acid the molecules in cells that stored genetic information.
- a DNA Molecule is made up of 2 strands of DNA Collide together they make a double helix.
2
Q
Where is DNA Found and Write a Definition of a Chromosome?
A
- DNA Is found in the nucleus of plants and animal cells.
- Its Found in really long structures called chromosomes.
- A Chromosome is a long molecule of DNA Found in the nucleus each chromosome carries many genes.
3
Q
Write a Definition of a Gene and what does each gene contain and what do these amino acids form?
A
- A Gene is a small section of DNA Found on a chromosome.
- Each gene codes for a particular sequence of amino acids.
- These amino acids join up to make proteins.
4
Q
Write a Definition of Genome
A
- A Genome is all of the genetics materials in an organism
5
Q
What Have scientists Worked out?
A
- Scientist have worked out the whole human genome.
6
Q
Name 3 Facts About Human genotypes That are really important for medicine?
A
- 1) Scientists can identify genes in the genotype associated with various diseases.
- 2) Understanding which genes are linked to inherited diseases can aid in developing better treatments.
- 3) By studying small differences in people’s genomes, scientists can trace the movement of populations.
7
Q
Name The 2 pairs of the Human Genome and what do the symbol represent?
A
- 1) T (Thymine) A (Adenine) - (TA)
- 2) C (Cytosine) G (Guanine) - (CG)
8
Q
What Colours represents Thymine and Adenine and what’s holding them together?
A
- Thymine is red.
- Adenine is green
- Base pairs are holding them together.
9
Q
What Colors represent Cytosine and Guanine and what’s holding them together?
A
- Cytosine is Blue.
- Guanine is Yellow.
- Hydrogen bonds are holding them together.
10
Q
Name the 2 Different types of Reproduction and 2 Different types cell cycles?
A
- 1) The 2 different types of Reproduction is Asexual and Sexual Reproduction.
- 2) The 2 Different cell cycle are mitosis and meiosis.
11
Q
Write a Definition of Sexual Reproduction and write a Definition of Gametes?
A
- Sexual reproduction is when 2 gametes combine to produce a new inducivial that is genetic different.
- A Gametes is a sex cell eg egg cells or a sperm cell in animals.
12
Q
In 6 Steps describe How sexual Reproduction works?
A
- 1) The mother and father produce gametes (reproductive cells).
- 2) Gametes are formed through meiosis, which reduces the chromosome number by half.
- 3) During reproduction, the mother’s egg and the father’s sperm fuse together.
- 4) This fusion creates a cell with a complete set of chromosomes, half from each parent.
- 5) The offspring inherits a combination of genes from both parents.
- 6) This genetic combination results in variation among offspring.
13
Q
What are the 4 genetically different gametes produced during sexual reproduction called?
A
- They are called Haploid Cells.
14
Q
Write a Definition of Asexual Reproduction and how does it work?
A
- Asexual Reproduction is when organisms reproduce by mitosis to produce.
- One parent cell makes a new cell by dividing itself there is no mixing gense or fusion.
- Each cell is a cloned and exactly the same.
15
Q
Which cell division is mitosis and which cell division is meiosis?
A
- Mitosis is body cell division.
- And Miosis is Sex cell division.
16
Q
Why does Mitosis happen and write a Definition of a Zygote?
A
- Mitosis Happens because our body needs growth and repair.
- A Zygote is a Embryo at the very start.
17
Q
In 4 Steps how does mitosis work?
A
- 1) All 46 Chromosomes duplicate so it Becomes 92 chromosomes.
- 2) The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
- 3) The Chromosomes divide in half,
- 4) 2 Identical Cells each with 46 chromosomes are made.
18
Q
In 5 Steps how does Meiosis work?
A
- 1) All 46 chromosomes duplicate
- 2) the genes shuffle on the chromosomes.
- 3) The chromosomes divide in half so they have 46 chromosomes each.
- 4) The chromosomes divide in half again.
- 5) 4 new non-identical cells each with 23 chromosomes.
19
Q
Name 4 Differences of Sexual Reproduction?
A
- 1) Involves 2 parents.
- 2) Takes more energy and time.
- 3) Meiosis happens.
- 4) The copies aren’t identical.
20
Q
Name 4 Differences Of Asexual reproduction?
A
- 1) Involves 1 parent.
- 2) Takes less energy and time.
- 3) Mitosis happens.
- 4) Copies are Identical.
21
Q
Name 2 Similarities between asexual and sexual reproduction?
A
- 1) Creates a new Organism.
- 2) DNA Has to duplicate itself.
22
Q
Write a Definition of Fertilisation?
A
- Fertilisation is the fusion of a male and female gamete during sexual reproduction.
23
Q
How many pairs of chromosomes are in every body cell and what do the 22 pairs do?
A
- There are 23 Pairs of chromosomes in every human body cell.
- 22 are matched pairs of chromosomes that just control your characteristics.
24
Q
What labelled on the 23rd Pair and what do they decide?
A
- The 23rd Pair is labelled XX or XY.
- They are 2 chromosomes that deice your sex.
25
What's Chromosome Are for males and what's the chromosomes for females?
- For Males its XY.
- And for females Its XX.
26
What other than genes determine what we look?
- The Environmental Also Choose what we look like.
27
Write a Definition of a Allele?
- An Allele is a Version of a Gene.
28
Write a Definition of Dominant Allele and Recessive allele?
- A Dominant Allele is a gene that is always expressed if present.
- A Recessive Allele is a gene that is only expressed if there are 2 copies of it.
29
Write a Definition of a Phenotype and Genotype?
- Phenotype is The Physical Characteristics caused by your genes.
- Genotype is the Specific genes that are in your genome.
30
Write a Definition of Homozygous and Heterozygous?
- Homozygous is having 2 copies of the same allele.
- Heterozygous is Having 2 copies of different alleles.
31
How do we Find the Probability of Getting a boy or girl?
- We would use a Punnet square.
32
In 4 Steps How do Work Out the Probability the baby Characteristics?
- 1) First Use a Capital For Dominant allele then use a Lower case letter for Recessive Allele but The capital and lowercase shouldn't look the same.
- 2) Then Choose Which One the Parent Should Have.
- 3) Then Put each of the parents letters on the top or the side.
- 4) Lastly Put Join the Letter together and then you can see the probability of the Baby's Characteristics but the Capital Letter must be before the Lowercase Letter.
33
What controls most Characteristics?
- Most Characteristics are controlled by several genes.
34
Write a Definition of an Inherited Disorder and Family Tree?
- Inherited Disorder is a Disorder caused by a faulty allele which can be passed on to individual offspring.
- Family Tree is a Diagram that shows how a characteristic is Inherited in a group of related people.
35
Write a Definition of Cystic Fibrosis and What Happens if you have one copy of it and what are they know as?
- Cystic Fibrosis Is an Inherited Disorder of the cell membranes caused by a recessive allele.
- Because Cystic Fibrosis is Recessive people with 1 copy of the allele won't have the disorder.
- They are known as carriers.
36
Name 5 Symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis?
- 1) Serve coughs
- 2) Shortness of Breath
- 3) Difficulty gaining weight
- 4) Sticky and Thick Mucus.
- 5) High fat diet
37
Name 4 Daily Treatments of Cystic Fibrosis
- 1) Lots of Antibiotics to fight infections in the lungs.
- 2) Enzymes Capsules to eat with food.
- 3) Physiotherapy to help shift the mucus that builds up in the organs.
- 4) More drugs to thin the sticky mucus
38
Write a Definition of Polydactyly and how do you inherit it?
- Polydactyly is an Inherited Diseases caused by a dominant allele where a person has extra fingers or toes.
- Polydactyly can be inherited if just 1 parent carries the Faulty Allele.
- The Parent that has the Faulty allele will have the disorder too since the allele is dominant.
39
Write a Definition of a Family tree?
- A Family Tree is a diagram that shows how a characteristic is inherited in a group of related people.
40
Write a Definition of Embryo Screening?
- Embryo Screening is when the scientist Removes a cell from each embryo and look at its gene Before they are put into the mother.
41
What Happens during IVF And what happens if embryos would be destroy?
- During IVF Embryos are fertilised in a lab and then put in the mothers womb.
- For Embryos Produced by IVF after screening embryos with bad alleles would be destroyed.
42
What's The Mnemonic To remember the Pros of Embryo screening
- Screening - Success in IVF
- Helps - Heather embryos
- Prevent - Prevent Miscarriages
- Genetic - Genetic Disorders Avoided
- Problems - Planned family Outcome
- Screening helps prevent genetic problems
43
What's The Mnemonic to remember the Cons of Embryo screening?
- Money - Its Expensive
- Moral - Ethical Concerns
- Money moral
44
Write a Definition of Variation and What can Variation Be In Terms Of The population?
- Variation is The Difference between Individuals in the same species Arises due to genetics/Mutations and the environment.
- Variation can Be Huge within a population.
45
What 3 Things can Variation be?
- 1) Environmental
- 2) genetic
- 3) Mutations
46
Name 3 Genetic Traits and Name 3 Traits which is for both?
- 1) Eye Colour.
- 2) Ears
- 3) Nose
- 1) Hair Colour is Both
- 2) Height Is Both
- 3) Skin Colour is Both
47
Name 4 Environmental Traits?
- 1) Accents
- 2) Tattoos
- 3) Scars
- 4) Weight
48
What Is Variation is Phenotypes Caused By?
- Most Variation is Phenotypes are caused by a mixture of genes and the Environmental.
49
Write a Definition of Continuous Variation and Discontinues Variation and give a example Of a Phenotype for Each?
- Continuous Variation refers to traits that change gradually and can have a wide range of values.
- A Example Of a Phenotype of Continuous Variation is Weight.
- Discontinuous Variation refers to traits that fall into distinct categories with no in-between values.
- A Example of a Phenotype of Discontinuous Variation is Eye colour.
50
Write a Definition of Mutation and what can happen to a gene and when can mutations happen?
- Mutation is a Random Change in a Organism DNA.
- Sometimes a Gene can Mutate.
- Mutation occur Continuously.
51
Name a Animal that is a example of mutation?
- Peppered Moth
52
What can Mutations Cause and how many genes control a Characteristics ?
- Very Rarely Mutations can change genome and it can create a new phenotype.
- Some Like Characteristics Eye colour is controlled by more than 1 gene.
53
What The Theory of Evolution and Name the Scientist that found this theory?
- The Theory of Evolution is all of todays species have evolved from simple life forms that first started to develop over 3 billon years ago.
- The Scientist that found this Theory is Charles Darwin.
54
Write a Definition of Evolution?
- Evolution is the changing of the inherited Characteristics of a population over time.
55
Write a Definition of Natural Selection and In 4 Steps How does it Work?
- Natural Selection is The process by which species evolve.
- 1) Species show variation.
- 2) Organisms compete for resources.
- 3) Better-adapted individuals survive and reproduce.
- 4) Useful Genes are passed on and
Over time species evolve.
56
Name 3 Things that Prove Darwin Theory Of Natural Selection?
- 1) Fossils - By looking at fossils at different ages Scientist could see how changes in organisms.
- 2) Antibiotic Resistance - How Bacteria Evolves.
- 3) The Discovery of Genetics - it showed the characteristics are passes on a organism genes.
57
What can happen to the phenotype of an organism and what can evolution lead to?
- Over a long time the phenotype of organism can change a lot because of natural selection.
- Evolution can lead to new species Devolving.
58
Write a Definition of Extinction and Name 5 Reasons how Extinction happens?
- Extinction is when no living Individuals of a species remain.
- 1) A New Predator kill them all.
- 2) A New disease Kills them all.
- 3) There isn't enough food for them to eat.
- 4) Hunting and Poching of that animal.
- 5) A Catastrophic Event kills them all.
59
Name 3 Animals That Have Became Extinct?
- 1) Dodo Bird
- 2) White Rhino
- 3) Golden Toad
60
What's the Acronym to Remember how animals survive?
- V - Variation
- M - Mutation
- S - Selection Pressure
- A - Advantage
- S - Survival
- I - Inheritance
61
What are Antibiotics and What can Bactria do?
- Antibiotics are drugs that kill bacteria.
- Bacteria can become resistance to antibiotics by natural selection.
62
In 3 Steps How does bacteria become resistance to antibiotics?
- 1) Bacteria can Develop random Mutations.
- 2) Then they can become Resistant to Anti biotics.
- 3) The Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria will Reproduce more and more.
63
Name 2 Problems With antibiotic resistance bacteria?
- 1) There is No effective Treatment for the infection.
- 2) People are not immune to the new strain
64
Name 2 Problems With antibiotics?
- 1) Antibiotics are being overused.
- 2) People aren't using antibiotics correlcty.
65
Which type of bacteria is becoming more common and Write a Definition of MRSA?
- Superbugs are Becoming more common.
- MRSA is a Strain of bacteria that is resistant to most know antibiotics.
66
What Should Doctors do to Make sure that Antibiotics are used sensibly and what should they not do?
- Doctors should only prescribe antibiotics when they really need to.
- Doctors shouldn't Prescribe for non-serious conditions or infections cause by viruses.
67
What Should You do so all the antibiotic resistance bacteria is destroyed and what does this Mean to?
- You should take all the antibiotics a doctor gives you so all the anti resistance Bactria is destroyed and it cant Reproduce again.
- This Means there is no one left to mutate and develop into antibiotic Resistance strain.
68
What do Antibiotics not Kill?
- Antibiotics don't kill viruses.
69
Which Industry Uses the Most Antibiotics And what do they use it for?
- Farming Uses the most Antibiotics.
- In Farming antibiotics can be given to animals to prevent them becoming ill and make them grow faster.
70
What Are drug companies doing and name 2 problems of doing this?
- Drug companies are working on devolving new antibiotics that kill the resistance strains.
- 1) The Rate of Development is slow.
- 2) The Process is expensive.
71
Write a Definition of Selective Breeding?
- Selective Breeding is the process of Which Humans breed and plants.
72
why are Organisms Being Bred and name 2 example of animals and 2 example of plants?
- Organisms are Selectively bred to develop features that are more useful or attractive.
- Animals: Animals that produce more meat or milk, Dogs with a good, gentle Personality.
- Plants: Crops with disease resistance, Decorative Plants with big or unusual flowers.
73
In 4 Steps how Does Selective Breeding Work?
- 1) First Your Existing plants or animals select the ones which have the feature you are after.
- 2) Breed them with each other.
- 3) Then Once they are bred Together they produce their off spring and you select the best of the off spring and breed them Together.
- 4) Continue this process over several generations and the offspring will have the features you are looking for.
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Selective Breeding Is Nothing (__________) People have Been doing this for (______________) Years.
- New and Thousands
75
Name a Animals that has been selectively bred?
- Belgium Blue
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What is Selective Breeding also know as?
- Selective Breeding is also know as artificial selection.
77
Name 2 Advantage of Selective Breeding and explain why they are advantages?
- 1) Better Quality Products Products - This is Because They can Produce more meat and Milk.
- 2) Cost Effective - This is because Higher Yields and improved traits selective breeding can reduce production cost and Increases profitability.
78
Name 2 Disadvantage of Selective Breeding and Explain them?
- 1) Takes a Long time about 100 years - This is because it isn't very quick to breed animals and continue the process again and again.
- 2) Fewer Allele Combinations - This Is because the best animals or Plants are always used for breeding and they are closely related this is know as inbreeding.
79
Write a Definition of Inbreeding and Genetic Engineering?
- Inbreeding is when closely related animals or plants are bred Together.
- Genetic Engineering is where you Remove a gene and then put it into another organism.
80
What is Genetic Engineering mainly Used for and name 2 industries its mainly used in?
- Its Used to make Human Insulin.
- Its mainly used in farming and medicine.
81
In 6 Steps How does genetic engineering make human insulin?
- 1) Fist the human Insulin gene is located inside the DNA of a human body cell.
- 2) The human insulin gene is cut out by enzymes.
- 3) Plasmid is removed from a bacteria and cut open by enzymes.
- 4) Human insulin gene Inserted into plasmid by enzymes.
- 5) Plasmid taken up by other bacteria.
- 6) The bacteria rapidly replicate copying the plasmid each time these bacteria would then make human insulin.
82
Name 2 Reasons why Crops are genetically engineered?
- 1) They can be genetic engineered to be resistant to herbicides.
- 2) Crops can be Genetically Engineered to be resistant to insects or disease.
83
Write a Definition of Genetically Modifies crop (GM) and Name a Example?
- Genetically Modified (GM) Crop is a crop which has its genes modified using genetic engineering.
- For Example: Hawaiian papaya is a good example.
84
Write a Definition of Herbicides?
- Herbicides are chemicals that kill plants.
85
List 2 Positives of Genetic Modified Crops (Agriculture)?
- 1) Improves Nutrition - This Is Because GM crops are Enhanced to provide better nutation like golden rice.
- 2) Increase Crop Yield - Genetic Engineered crops are resistant to insects, disease and the harsh environment.
86
List 2 Negatives of Genetic Modified Crops (Agriculture)?
- 1) Ethical Concerns - This is Because People think it is wrong interfere with nature.
- 2) Human Heath could Get worse - This is because people might not understand the effects of GM crops.
87
Name 1 Positive of Genetic Engineering (Medicine)?
- 1) Treatment of Genic Disorders - This is Because it can correct or replace faulty genes that cause disorders.
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Name 1 Negative of Genetic Engineering (Medicine)?
- 1) Ethical Concerns- This is because it goes against god plan for us.
89
Write a Definition of Fossil and Name 3 Different Forms Of Fossil and explain how fossils are formed?
- A Fossil is the remains of an organism from many years ago which is found in rock.
- 1) Amber - When Organism get trap in a sticky Substance.
- 2) Rocks - Teeth shells and bones don't decay easily and last a long time.
- 3) Glaciers - An animals burrow or a plant roots can be preserved as casts.
90
Write a Definition of Fossil Record and Why are they useful to scientists?
- A Fossil Record is The history of life on earth preserved as fossils.
- Scientist use it Because it shows how organism have evolved over time and also to do with Darwin's theory.
91
Name 2 Ways fossils can be Discovered?
- 1) Earthquakes.
- 2) Erosion and Natural Exposure.
92
In 4 Steps Describe the Fossilisation process?
- 1) The Organism dies and falls to the ground.
- 2) The flesh rots leaving the skeleton to be covered by sand or soil before its damaged.
- 3) Protected over millions of years the Skelton becomes mineralised and turns into rock.
- 4) Eventually the fossil emerges as the rock more and erosion happens and washes it away.
93
Write a Definition of Classification and Name 2 Ways Organisms were Classed?
- Classification is organising living organisms into groups.
- Organism were classed according to Characteristics and structures.
94
What are the living things That are divided into 5 groups called and name the 5 groups kingdom?
- The living things divides into 5 groups are called kingdoms.
- 1) Animals - Fish mammals Reptiles.
- 2) Plants - Grasses tress.
- 3) Fungi - Mushrooms yeast and toadstools.
- 4) Prokaryotes - all single celled organism without a nucleus.
- 5) Protists - eukaryotic singled cells organism.
95
Which Scientist made the 5 kingdom system and What Has Happened top Classification systems over time
- Carl Linnaeus
- Classifications Systems changed over time as Microscopes have also improved over time.
96
Name the Scientist that invented the 3-Domain system And what do Evolutionary Trees Show?
- The Scientist that discovered the 3 Domain System was Carl Woese.
- Evolutionary Trees show Scientist
how different species are related it also shows its common ancestors.
97
What's The mnemonic to remember the 6 Different Areas involved in classification system?
- Did - Domain
- King - Kingdom
- Phillip - Phylum
- Come - Class
- Over - Order
- For - Family
- Great - Genus
- Spaghetti - Species
98
Write a Definition of Binomial system and what are humans name in Latin and what do they mean?
- Binomial system is the system used in classification for naming organism using a 2- Part Latin name.
- Humans are know as Homo Sapiens Which Means Homo Genus and Sapiens means Species.
