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Biology- Combined Science > B:6 Inheritance,Variation and Evolution Paper 2 > Flashcards

B:6 Inheritance,Variation and Evolution Paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Write a Definition of DNA and what’s is a DNA Molecule made up of and what do they make?

A
  • DNA Is Deoxyribonucleic acid the molecules in cells that stored genetic information.
  • a DNA Molecule is made up of 2 strands of DNA Collide together they make a double helix.
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2
Q

Where is DNA Found and Write a Definition of a Chromosome?

A
  • DNA Is found in the nucleus of plants and animal cells.
  • Its Found in really long structures called chromosomes.
  • A Chromosome is a long molecule of DNA Found in the nucleus each chromosome carries many genes.
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3
Q

Write a Definition of a Gene and what does each gene contain and what do these amino acids form?

A
  • A Gene is a small section of DNA Found on a chromosome.
  • Each gene codes for a particular sequence of amino acids.
  • These amino acids join up to make proteins.
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4
Q

Write a Definition of Genome

A
  • A Genome is all of the genetics materials in an organism
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5
Q

What Have scientists Worked out?

A
  • Scientist have worked out the whole human genome.
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6
Q

Name 3 Facts About Human genotypes That are really important for medicine?

A
  • 1) Scientists can identify genes in the genotype associated with various diseases.
  • 2) Understanding which genes are linked to inherited diseases can aid in developing better treatments.
  • 3) By studying small differences in people’s genomes, scientists can trace the movement of populations.
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7
Q

Name The 2 pairs of the Human Genome and what do the symbol represent?

A
  • 1) T (Thymine) A (Adenine) - (TA)
  • 2) C (Cytosine) G (Guanine) - (CG)
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8
Q

What Colours represents Thymine and Adenine and what’s holding them together?

A
  • Thymine is red.
  • Adenine is green
  • Base pairs are holding them together.
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9
Q

What Colors represent Cytosine and Guanine and what’s holding them together?

A
  • Cytosine is Blue.
  • Guanine is Yellow.
  • Hydrogen bonds are holding them together.
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10
Q

Name the 2 Different types of Reproduction and 2 Different types cell cycles?

A
  • 1) The 2 different types of Reproduction is Asexual and Sexual Reproduction.
  • 2) The 2 Different cell cycle are mitosis and meiosis.
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11
Q

Write a Definition of Sexual Reproduction and write a Definition of Gametes?

A
  • Sexual reproduction is when 2 gametes combine to produce a new inducivial that is genetic different.
  • A Gametes is a sex cell eg egg cells or a sperm cell in animals.
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12
Q

In 6 Steps describe How sexual Reproduction works?

A
  • 1) The mother and father produce gametes (reproductive cells).
  • 2) Gametes are formed through meiosis, which reduces the chromosome number by half.
  • 3) During reproduction, the mother’s egg and the father’s sperm fuse together.
  • 4) This fusion creates a cell with a complete set of chromosomes, half from each parent.
  • 5) The offspring inherits a combination of genes from both parents.
  • 6) This genetic combination results in variation among offspring.
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13
Q

What are the 4 genetically different gametes produced during sexual reproduction called?

A
  • They are called Haploid Cells.
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14
Q

Write a Definition of Asexual Reproduction and how does it work?

A
  • Asexual Reproduction is when organisms reproduce by mitosis to produce.
  • One parent cell makes a new cell by dividing itself there is no mixing gense or fusion.
  • Each cell is a cloned and exactly the same.
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15
Q

Which cell division is mitosis and which cell division is meiosis?

A
  • Mitosis is body cell division.
  • And Miosis is Sex cell division.
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16
Q

Why does Mitosis happen and write a Definition of a Zygote?

A
  • Mitosis Happens because our body needs growth and repair.
  • A Zygote is a Embryo at the very start.
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17
Q

In 4 Steps how does mitosis work?

A
  • 1) All 46 Chromosomes duplicate so it Becomes 92 chromosomes.
  • 2) The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
  • 3) The Chromosomes divide in half,
  • 4) 2 Identical Cells each with 46 chromosomes are made.
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18
Q

In 5 Steps how does Meiosis work?

A
  • 1) All 46 chromosomes duplicate
  • 2) the genes shuffle on the chromosomes.
  • 3) The chromosomes divide in half so they have 46 chromosomes each.
  • 4) The chromosomes divide in half again.
  • 5) 4 new non-identical cells each with 23 chromosomes.
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19
Q

Name 4 Differences of Sexual Reproduction?

A
  • 1) Involves 2 parents.
  • 2) Takes more energy and time.
  • 3) Meiosis happens.
  • 4) The copies aren’t identical.
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20
Q

Name 4 Differences Of Asexual reproduction?

A
  • 1) Involves 1 parent.
  • 2) Takes less energy and time.
  • 3) Mitosis happens.
  • 4) Copies are Identical.
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21
Q

Name 2 Similarities between asexual and sexual reproduction?

A
  • 1) Creates a new Organism.
  • 2) DNA Has to duplicate itself.
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22
Q

Write a Definition of Fertilisation?

A
  • Fertilisation is the fusion of a male and female gamete during sexual reproduction.
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23
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are in every body cell and what do the 22 pairs do?

A
  • There are 23 Pairs of chromosomes in every human body cell.
  • 22 are matched pairs of chromosomes that just control your characteristics.
  • The 23rd pair its labelled XY Or XX
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24
Q

What labeled on the 23rd Pair and what do they decide?

A
  • The 23rd Pair is labeled XX or XY.
  • They are 2 chromosomes that deice your sex.
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25
Q

What’s Chromosome Are for males and what’s the chromosomes for females?

A
  • For Males its XY.
  • And for females Its XX.
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26
Q

What other than genes determine what we look?

A
  • The Environmental Also Choose what we look like.
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27
Q

Write a Definition of a Allele?

A
  • An Allele is a Version of a Gene.
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28
Q

Write a Definition of Dominant Allele and Recessive allele?

A
  • A Dominant Allele is a gene that is always expressed if present.
  • A Recessive Allele is a gene that is only expressed if there are 2 copies of it.
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29
Q

Write a Definition of a Phenotype and Genotype?

A
  • Phenotype is The Physical Characteristics caused by your genes.
  • Genotype is the Specific genes that are in your genome.
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30
Q

Write a Definition of Homozygous and Heterozygous?

A
  • Homozygous is having 2 copies of the same allele.
  • Heterozygous is Having 2 copies of different alleles.
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31
Q

How do we Find the Probability of Getting a boy or girl?

A
  • We would use a Punnet square.
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32
Q

In 4 Steps How do Work Out the Probability the baby Characteristics?

A
  • 1) First Use a Capital For Dominant allele then use a Lower case letter for Recessive Allele but The capital and lowercase shouldn’t look the same.
  • 2) Then Choose Which One the Parent Should Have.
  • 3) Then Put each of the parents letters on the top or the side.
  • 4) Lastly Put Join the Letter together and then you can see the probability of the Baby’s Characteristics but the Capital Letter must be before the Lowercase Letter.
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33
Q

What controls most Characteristics?

A
  • Most Characteristics are controlled by several genes.
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34
Q

Write a Definition of an Inherited Disorder and Family Tree?

A
  • Inherited Disorder is a Disorder caused by a faulty allele which can be passed on to individual offspring.
  • Family Tree is a Diagram that shows how a characteristic is Inherited in a group of related people.
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35
Q

Write a Definition of Cystic Fibrosis and What Happens if you have one copy of it and what are they know as?

A
  • Cystic Fibrosis Is an Inherited Disorder of the cell membranes caused by a recessive allele.
  • Because Cystic Fibrosis is Recessive people with 1 copy of the allele won’t have the disorder.
  • They are known as carriers.
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36
Q

Name 5 Symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis?

A
  • 1) Serve coughs
  • 2) Shortness of Breath
  • 3) Difficulty gaining weight
  • 4) Sticky and Thick Mucus.
  • 5) High fat diet
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37
Q

Name 4 Daily Treatments of Cystic Fibrosis

A
  • 1) Lots of Antibiotics to fight infections in the lungs.
  • 2) Enzymes Capsules to eat with food.
  • 3) Physiotherapy to help shift the mucus that builds up in the organs.
  • 4) More drugs to thin the sticky mucus
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38
Q

Write a Definition of Polydactyly and how do you inherit it?

A
  • Polydactyly is an Inherited Diseases caused by a dominant allele where a person has extra fingers or toes.
  • Polydactyly can be inherited if just 1 parent carries the Faulty Allele.
  • The Parent that has the Faulty allele will have the disorder too since the allele is dominant.
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39
Q

Write a Definition of a Family tree?

A
  • A Family Tree is a diagram that shows how a characteristic is inherited in a group of related people.
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40
Q

Write a Definition of Screening?

A
  • Screening is the process of checking someone’s genes to see if they have or might pass on a particular genetic condition.
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41
Q

Name 4 Methods for screening for genetic disorders?

A
  • 1) Take no action.
  • 2) CVS Or amniocentesis
  • 3) IVF and PGD
  • 4) Sperm Donor
42
Q

How does Take no action work and Name 1 benefit and 1 drawback?

A
  • Take no action is Having sex without any Screening.
  • A Benefit is No Medical intervention needed.
  • A Drawback is 25% Chance of having an affected child.
43
Q

How Does CVS or Amniocentesis work and Name 1 Benefit and 1 Drawback?

A
  • A Needle removes some cells from Placenta ot this is amitotic fluid tested.
  • A Benefit is It Is carried out by 10 week early so a termination is possible.
  • A Drawback is 1% of Miscarriage.
44
Q

How Does IVF And PGD Work Name 1 benefit and 1 drawback of

A
45
Q
A
46
Q

Write a Definition of Variation and What can Variation Be In Terms Of The population?

A
  • Variation is The Difference between Individuals in the same species Arises due to genetics/Mutations and the environment.
  • Variation can Be Huge within a population.
47
Q

What 3 Things can Variation be?

A
  • 1) Environmental
  • 2) genetic
  • 3) Mutations
48
Q

Name 3 Genetic Traits and Name 3 Traits which is for both?

A
  • 1) Eye Colour.
  • 2) Ears
  • 3) Nose
  • 1) Hair Colour is Both
  • 2) Height Is Both
  • 3) Skin Colour is Both
49
Q

Name 4 Environmental Traits?

A
  • 1) Accents
  • 2) Tattoos
  • 3) Scars
  • 4) Weight
50
Q

What Is Variation is Phenotypes Caused By?

A
  • Most Variation is Phenotypes are caused by a mixture of genes and the Environmental.
51
Q

Write a Definition of Continuous Variation and Discontinues Variation and give a example Of a Phenotype for Each?

A
  • Continuous Variation refers to traits that change gradually and can have a wide range of values.
  • A Example Of a Phenotype of Continuous Variation is Weight.
  • Discontinuous Variation refers to traits that fall into distinct categories with no in-between values.
  • A Example of a Phenotype of Discontinuous Variation is Eye colour.
52
Q

Write a Definition of Mutation and what can happen to a gene and when can mutations happen?

A
  • Mutation is a Random Change in a Organism DNA.
  • Sometimes a Gene can Mutate.
  • Mutation occur Continuously.
53
Q

Name a Animal that is a example of mutation?

A
  • Peppered Moth
54
Q

What can Mutations Cause and how many genes control a Characteristics ?

A
  • Very Rarely Mutations can change genome and it can create a new phenotype.
  • Some Like Characteristics Eye colour is controlled by more than 1 gene.
55
Q

What The Theory of Evolution and Name the Scientist that found this theory?

A
  • The Theory of Evolution is all of todays species have evolved from simple life forms that first started to develop over 3 billon years ago.
  • The Scientist that found this Theory is Charles Darwin.
56
Q

Write a Definition of Evolution?

A
  • Evolution is the changing of the inherited Characteristics of a population over time.
57
Q

Write a Definition of Natural Selection and In 4 Steps How does it Work?

A
  • Natural Selection is The process by which species evolve.
  • 1) Species show variation.
  • 2) Organisms compete for resources.
  • 3) Better-adapted individuals survive and reproduce.
  • 4) Useful Genes are passed on and
    Over time species evolve.
58
Q

Name 3 Things that Prove Darwin Theory Of Natural Selection?

A
  • 1) Fossils - By looking at fossils at different ages Scientist could see how changes in organisms.
  • 2) Antibiotic Resistance - How Bacteria Evolves.
  • 3) The Discovery of Genetics - it showed the characteristics are passes on a organism genes.
59
Q

What can happen to the phenotype of an organism and what can evolution lead to?

A
  • Over a long time the phenotype of organism can change a lot because of natural selection.
  • Evolution can lead to new species Devolving.
60
Q

Write a Definition of Extinction and Name 5 Reasons how Extinction happens?

A
  • Extinction is when no living Individuals of a species remain.
  • 1) A New Predator kill them all.
  • 2) A New disease Kills them all.
  • 3) There isn’t enough food for them to eat.
  • 4) Hunting and Poching of that animal.
  • 5) A Catastrophic Event kills them all.
61
Q

Name 3 Animals That Have Became Extinct?

A
  • 1) Dodo Bird
  • 2) White Rhino
  • 3) Golden Toad
62
Q

What’s the Acronym to Remember how animals survive?

A
  • V - Variation
  • M - Mutation
  • S - Selection Pressure
  • A - Advantage
  • S - Survival
  • I - Inheritance
63
Q

What are Antibiotics and What can Bactria do?

A
  • Antibiotics are drugs that kill bacteria.
  • Bacteria can become resistance to antibiotics by natural selection.
64
Q

In 3 Steps How does bacteria become resistance to antibiotics?

A
  • 1) Bacteria can Develop random Mutations.
  • 2) Then they can become Resistant to Anti biotics.
  • 3) The Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria will Reproduce more and more.
65
Q

Name 2 Problems With antibiotic resistance bacteria?

A
  • 1) There is No effective Treatment for the infection.
  • 2) People are not immune to the new strain
66
Q

Name 2 Problems With antibiotics?

A
  • 1) Antibiotics are being overused.
  • 2) People aren’t using antibiotics correlcty.
67
Q

Which type of bacteria is becoming more common and Write a Definition of MRSA?

A
  • Superbugs are Becoming more common.
  • MRSA is a Strain of bacteria that is resistant to most know antibiotics.
68
Q

What Should Doctors do to Make sure that Antibiotics are used sensibly and what should they not do?

A
  • Doctors should only prescribe antibiotics when they really need to.
  • Doctors shouldn’t Prescribe for non-serious conditions or infections cause by viruses.
69
Q

What Should You do so all the antibiotic resistance bacteria is destroyed and what does this Mean to?

A
  • You should take all the antibiotics a doctor gives you so all the anti resistance Bactria is destroyed and it cant Reproduce again.
  • This Means there is no one left to mutate and develop into antibiotic Resistance strain.
70
Q

What do Antibiotics not Kill?

A
  • Antibiotics don’t kill viruses.
71
Q

Which Industry Uses the Most Antibiotics And what do they use it for?

A
  • Farming Uses the most Antibiotics.
  • In Farming antibiotics can be given to animals to prevent them becoming ill and make them grow faster.
72
Q

What Are drug companies doing and name 2 problems of doing this?

A
  • Drug companies are working on devolving new antibiotics that kill the resistance strains.
  • 1) The Rate of Development is slow.
  • 2) The Process is expensive.
73
Q

Write a Definition of Selective Breeding?

A
  • Selective Breeding is the process of Which Humans breed and plants.
74
Q

why are Organisms Being Bred and name 2 example of animals and 2 example of plants?

A
  • Organisms are Selectively bred to develop features that are more useful or attractive.
  • Animals: Animals that produce more meat or milk, Dogs with a good, gentle Personality.
  • Plants: Crops with disease resistance, Decorative Plants with big or unusual flowers.
75
Q

In 4 Steps how Does Selective Breeding Work?

A
  • 1) First Your Existing plants or animals select the ones which have the feature you are after.
  • 2) Breed them with each other.
  • 3) Then Once they are bred Together they produce their off spring and you select the best of the off spring and breed them Together.
  • 4) Continue this process over several generations and the offspring will have the features you are looking for.
76
Q

Selective Breeding Is Nothing (__________) People have Been doing this for (______________) Years.

A
  • New and Thousands
77
Q

Name a Animals that has been selectively bred?

A
  • Belgium Blue
78
Q

What is Selective Breeding also know as?

A
  • Selective Breeding is also know as artificial selection.
79
Q

Name 2 Advantage of Selective Breeding and explain why they are advantages?

A
  • 1) Better Quality Products Products - This is Because They can Produce more meat and Milk.
  • 2) Cost Effective - This is because Higher Yields and improved traits selective breeding can reduce production cost and Increases profitability.
80
Q

Name 2 Disadvantage of Selective Breeding and Explain them?

A
  • 1) Takes a Long time about 100 years - This is because it isn’t very quick to breed animals and continue the process again and again.
  • 2) Fewer Allele Combinations - This Is because the best animals or Plants are always used for breeding and they are closely related this is know as inbreeding.
81
Q

Write a Definition of Inbreeding and Genetic Engineering?

A
  • Inbreeding is when closely related animals or plants are bred Together.
  • Genetic Engineering is where you Remove a gene and then put it into another organism.
82
Q

What is Genetic Engineering mainly Used for and name 2 industries its mainly used in?

A
  • Its Used to make Human Insulin.
  • Its mainly used in farming and medicine.
83
Q

In 6 Steps How does genetic engineering make human insulin?

A
  • 1) Fist the human Insulin gene is located inside the DNA of a human body cell.
  • 2) The human insulin gene is cut out by enzymes.
  • 3) Plasmid is removed from a bacteria and cut open by enzymes.
  • 4) Human insulin gene Inserted into plasmid by enzymes.
  • 5) Plasmid taken up by other bacteria.
  • 6) The bacteria rapidly replicate copying the plasmid each time these bacteria would then make human insulin.
84
Q

Name 2 Reasons why Crops are genetically engineered?

A
  • 1) They can be genetic engineered to be resistant to herbicides.
  • 2) Crops can be Genetically Engineered to be resistant to insects or disease.
85
Q

Write a Definition of Genetically Modifies crop (GM) and Name a Example?

A
  • Genetically Modified (GM) Crop is a crop which has its genes modified using genetic engineering.
  • For Example: Hawaiian papaya is a good example.
86
Q

Write a Definition of Herbicides?

A
  • Herbicides are chemicals that kill plants.
87
Q

List 2 Positives of Genetic Modified Crops (Agriculture)?

A
  • 1) Improves Nutrition - This Is Because GM crops are Enhanced to provide better nutation like golden rice.
  • 2) Increase Crop Yield - Genetic Engineered crops are resistant to insects, disease and the harsh environment.
88
Q

List 2 Negatives of Genetic Modified Crops (Agriculture)?

A
  • 1) Ethical Concerns - This is Because People think it is wrong interfere with nature.
  • 2) Human Heath could Get worse - This is because people might not understand the effects of GM crops.
89
Q

Name 1 Positive of Genetic Engineering (Medicine)?

A
  • 1) Treatment of Genic Disorders - This is Because it can correct or replace faulty genes that cause disorders.
90
Q

Name 1 Negative of Genetic Engineering (Medicine)?

A
  • 1) Ethical Concerns- This is because it goes against god plan for us.
91
Q

Write a Definition of Fossil and Name 3 Different Forms Of Fossil and explain how fossils are formed?

A
  • A Fossil is the remains of an organism from many years ago which is found in rock.
  • 1) Amber - When Organism get trap in a sticky Substance.
  • 2) Rocks - Teeth shells and bones don’t decay easily and last a long time.
  • 3) Glaciers - An animals burrow or a plant roots can be preserved as casts.
92
Q

Write a Definition of Fossil Record and Why are they useful to scientists?

A
  • A Fossil Record is The history of life on earth preserved as fossils.
  • Scientist use it Because it shows how organism have evolved over time and also to do with Darwin’s theory.
93
Q

Name 2 Ways fossils can be Discovered?

A
  • 1) Earthquakes.
  • 2) Erosion and Natural Exposure.
94
Q

In 4 Steps Describe the Fossilisation process?

A
  • 1) The Organism dies and falls to the ground.
  • 2) The flesh rots leaving the skeleton to be covered by sand or soil before its damaged.
  • 3) Protected over millions of years the Skelton becomes mineralised and turns into rock.
  • 4) Eventually the fossil emerges as the rock more and erosion happens and washes it away.
95
Q

Write a Definition of Classification and Name 2 Ways Organisms were Classed?

A
  • Classification is organising living organisms into groups.
  • Organism were classed according to Characteristics and structures.
96
Q

What are the living things That are divided into 5 groups called and name the 5 groups kingdom?

A
  • The living things divides into 5 groups are called kingdoms.
  • 1) Animals - Fish mammals Reptiles.
  • 2) Plants - Grasses tress.
  • 3) Fungi - Mushrooms yeast and toadstools.
  • 4) Prokaryotes - all single celled organism without a nucleus.
  • 5) Protists - eukaryotic singled cells organism.
97
Q

Which Scientist made the 5 kingdom system and What Has Happened top Classification systems over time

A
  • Carl Linnaeus
  • Classifications Systems changed over time as Microscopes have also improved over time.
98
Q

Name the Scientist that invented the 3-Domain system And what do Evolutionary Trees Show?

A
  • The Scientist that discovered the 3 Domain System was Carl Woese.
  • Evolutionary Trees show Scientist
    how different species are related it also shows its common ancestors.
99
Q

What’s The mnemonic to remember the 6 Different Areas involved in classification system?

A
  • Did - Domain
  • King - Kingdom
  • Phillip - Phylum
  • Come - Class
  • Over - Order
  • For - Family
  • Great - Genus
  • Spaghetti - Species
100
Q

Write a Definition of Binomial system and what are humans name in Latin and what do they mean?

A
  • Binomial system is the system used in classification for naming organism using a 2- Part Latin name.
  • Humans are know as Homo Sapiens Which Means Homo Genus and Sapiens means Species.

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