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Biology- Combined Science > B:4 Bioenergetics Paper 1 > Flashcards

B:4 Bioenergetics Paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does Photosynthesis Use and Where does it Take place?

A
  • Photosynthesis Uses energy to change carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
  • It Takes Place in the chloroplast.
  • chloroplast contain chlorophyll to absorb light.
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2
Q

What type of Chemical Reaction is Photosynthesis?

A
  • Photosynthesis is a Endothermic Reaction.
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3
Q

Write a Definition of Endothermic Reaction?

A
  • An Endothermic Reaction is a reaction where energy is transferred into the surroundings.
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4
Q

What’s The Word Equation for Photosynthesis?

A

Carbon Dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen.

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5
Q

What’s the Balanced Equation For Photosynthesis?

A

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

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6
Q

What’s The Chemical symbol for Carbon,water,glucose and oxygen?

A
  • Carbon:CO₂
  • Water:H₂O
  • Glucose: C₆H₁₂O₆
  • Oxygen:O₂
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7
Q

Name 5 Ways plant Use glucose?

A
  • 1) For Reparations.
  • 2) For Making Cells Walls.
  • 3) For Making Amino Acids.
  • 4) Stored as oils and fast’s
  • 5) Stored as Starch.
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8
Q

In 2 Steps How do Plants use Glucose for Respiration?

A
  • 1) They Transfer energy from Glucose.
  • 2) This Allows Plants to change the rest of glucose into other useful substances.
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9
Q

How do Plants use glucose to make cell walls?

A
  • Glucose is changed into cellulose for making strong plant cell walls.
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10
Q

How do Plants use glucose to make Make Amino Acids?

A
  • Glucose is Combined with Nitrate ions to make amino acids.
  • Nitrate ions are absorbed from the soil and amino acids are used to make protein.
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11
Q

How do Plants use glucose to Store Oils and Fats?

A
  • Glucose is Turned into lipids for Storing In the Seeds.
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12
Q

How do Plants use glucose to Store as Starch ?

A
  • Glucose is Turned into starch and stored in roots,Stems and Leaves.
  • Plants can Use this Starch when Photosynthesis Isn’t Happening.
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13
Q

Name 4 Things That Affect The Rate of Photosynthesis?

A
  • 1) Light Intensity.
  • 2) Temperature.
  • 3) Carbon Dioxide.
  • 4) Chlorophyll.
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14
Q

Write a Definition of a Limiting Factor?

A
  • Limiting factor is something that stops photosynthesis from happening any faster.
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15
Q

In 4 steps how is light a Limiting factor and what will happen to the graph?

A
  • 1) First The more light there is the faster photosynthesis will happen.
  • 2) This Means that the rate of photosynthesis Depends the amount of light.
  • 3) Then After a certain point the Graph will flatten.
  • 4) This is because Photosynthesis wont go any faster Even if you increase the light intensity.
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16
Q

Explain why the Light Graph Flattens?

A
  • It Flattens because light is no longer the limiting factor and its temperature or CO₂.
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17
Q

In 3 steps how is CO₂ a Limiting factor and what will happen to the graph?

A
  • 1) The more CO₂ there is the faster photosynthesis happens.
  • 2) This means the amount of CO₂ is the limiting factor.
  • 3) Then after a certain point Photosynthesis wont go any faster because CO₂ is no longer the limiting factor.
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18
Q

If There is Plenty of Light and (______) then it must be (________________) that’s the limiting factor.

A
  • CO₂ and Temperature
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19
Q

In 2 steps how is Temperature the limiting factor and Why?

A
  • 1) Usually if the temperature is the limiting factor its because it too low.
  • 2) This is because enzymes need photosynthesis to work more slowly at low temperatures.
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20
Q

In 2 Steps What happens if the plant gets hot and give a Explanation?

A
  • 1) if the plant gets hot Photosynthesis Won’t Happen at all.
  • 2) This is Because the enzymes are damaged is the Temperature is too high.
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21
Q

What Temperatures Will Destroy Enzymes?

A

Over about 45°C

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22
Q

In 8 Steps Describe the Effect on Light Intensity (PRACTICAL)

A
  • 1) Start by Taking a Boiling Tube and placing it 10 cm away from an LED Light Source.
  • 2) Next fill the boiling tube with Sodium hydrogen carbonate solution.
  • 3) Then put a piece of pondweed into the boiling tube with the cut end at the top.
  • 4) Next Leave The pondweed for 5 Minutes to acclimate to the conditions of the boiling tube.
  • 5) Then Bubbles of Oxygen Should be produced from the cut end of the pondweed.
  • 6) Start a stopwatch and count how many bubbles are produced in 1 minute.
  • 7) Then Repeat in 2 more times to calculate the mean.
  • 8) And do the whole experiment again and move the boiling tube to 20 cm,30 cm and 40cm.
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23
Q

What Would Happen if you Use a Regular Light Bulb?

A

You would have Put the Boiling tube in a Beaker of Water.
- This is because it absorbs the heat produced by the bulb

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24
Q

Why should you use a LED Light source and Sodium Hydrogen carbonate?

A
  • A LED light source is used as they don’t Release lots of Heat.
  • Sodium Hydrogen carbonate solution Releases CO₂ which is needed for photosynthesis.
25
Q

Write a Definition of Respiration?

A

Respiration Is the Process of Transferring Energy from glucose which goes in every cell.

26
Q

What Type of Chemical Reaction is Respiration?

A
  • Respiration is a Exothermic Reaction.
27
Q

Write a Definition of a Exothermic Reaction?

A
  • a Exothermic Reaction transfers energy to the environment.
28
Q

Give 3 Examples of how organism use the energy transfer by respiration?

A
  • 1) To build up larger molecules from smaller ones.
  • 2) in animals to move around.
  • 3) In mammals and birds to keep warm.
29
Q

Write a Definition of Metabolism?

A
  • Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that happen inside our cell or body.
30
Q

What our these Chemical Reactions Controlled by?

A
  • Enzymes
31
Q

What Happens in Reactions Where large molecules are made of small molecules?

A
  • Lots of small glucose molecules are joined together in a reaction to form Starch,Glycogen and Cellulose.
  • Lipid molecules are each made from 1 molecule of glycerol and 3 Fatty acids.
  • Glucose is combined with nitrate ions to make amino acids which are made into proteins.
32
Q

What is Starch,Glycogen and Cellulose?

A
  • Starch - (Is a Storage Molecule in Plant Cells).
  • Glycogen - (Is a Storage Molecule in Animal Cells).
  • Cellulose - (Is a Component of Plant cell walls).
33
Q

What Happens in Reactions Where large molecules are Broken Down Into smaller molecules?

A
  • Glucose is Broken Down by Respiration.
  • Respiration transfers energy to power all the reactions in the body that makes molecules.
  • Excess Protein is Broken down in a reactions to Produce Urea.
34
Q

Write a Definition of Urea and Excreted?

A
  • Urea is excreted in urine.
  • Excreted Means released from the body.
35
Q

Name the 2 Different Types of Respiration?

A
  • 1) Aerobic Respiration.
  • 2) Anaerobic Respiration.
36
Q

Where does Aerobic Respiration Happen and What is it using and When does it Happen?

A
  • Aerobic Respiration Happens Inside Mitochondria.
  • Aerobic Respiration Is Respiration using Oxygen.
  • Aerobic Respiration goes on all the time in plants and animals.
37
Q

What’s the Word Equation For Aerobic Respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water.

38
Q

Write a Definition of Anaerobic Respiration?

A

Anaerobic Respiration is the incomplete breakdown of glucose.

39
Q

When Does Anaerobic Respiration Happen?

A
  • Anaerobic Respiration Happens When you do Hard Exercise and your body can’t supply enough oxygen to your Muscles.
40
Q

What’s The word Equation for Anaerobic Respiration in Muscle Cells?

A

Glucose → Lactic Acid

41
Q

How Much Energy transfer Does Anaerobic Respiration do and explain why?

A
  • Anaerobic Respiration Does Not Transfer as Much Energy as Aerobic Respiration.
  • This is because the Oxidation of Glucose is not Complete.
42
Q

Write a Definition of Oxidation?

A
  • Oxidation is a Reaction where electrons are lost or oxygen is gained by a species.
43
Q

What can’t Plant And Yeast Cells do without Oxygen?

A
  • Plants and Yeast Cells Can’t Respire Without Oxygen.
44
Q

What Are Yeasts?

A
  • Yeast are singled Celled Organism.
45
Q

What’s The Word Equation for Anaerobic Respiration In Plants and Yeast Cells?

A

Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide

46
Q

Write a Definition of Fermentation and What Industry Is Yeast Mainly Used in?

A
  • Fermentation is The Process of Anaerobic Respiration in Yeast Cells.
  • Yeast Is Mainly Used in Food and Drinks Industry.
47
Q

Name 2 Products That are Made In Fermentation?

A
  • 1) Bread - It’s the Carbon Dioxide from fermentation that makes bread rise.
  • 2) Alcoholic Drinks (Beer and Wine) - The Fermentation Process produces Alcohol.
48
Q

Muscles Need (____________) from respiration to (__________________)

A
  • Energy and Contract
49
Q

What Happens To Your Muscles when you Exercise and Where does the Energy Come From?

A
  • When You Exercise some of Your Muscle contract more often.
  • This means you need more energy.
  • This Energy comes from increased respiration.
50
Q

Name 3 Ways to get more oxygen into your cells?

A
  • 1) Breathing Rate Increases.
  • 2) Breath Volume Increases.
  • 3) Heart Rate Increases.
51
Q

Write a Definition of Breathing rate,Breath Volume and Heart Rate?

A
  • Breathing Rate is how fast you Breathe.
  • Breath Volume is how deep the breaths you take are.
  • Heart Rate is How Fast your Heats Beats.
52
Q

What Will Happen to a Unfits Person’s Heart Rate?

A
  • An Unfit Person Heart Increases a Lot more during Exercise and it takes longer to recover.
53
Q

What Will happen to your blood if the breathing rate and Breath Volume Increase?

A
  • If The breathing rate and breath volume increase oxygen gets into your blood quicker.
54
Q

Your Heart Rate (_______________) to get oxygenated blood around the body faster.

A

Increases

55
Q

What Happens When You Do Really Hard Exercise?

A
  • When you do really hard exercise Your Body Can’t Supply oxygen to your Muscle Quickly Enough.
  • This means your muscles start doing anaerobic Respirations.
56
Q

What Problems can Hard Exercise cause and What Build up ?

A
  • Latics Acid starts building up in the muscle which can get painful.
  • Long periods of exercise can cause muscle fatigue.
57
Q

Write a Definition of Muscle Fatigue?

A
  • Muscle Fatigue is when muscle get tired and stop contracting efficiently.
58
Q

In 3 Steps What Can can Anaerobic Respiration Also Cause?

A
  • 1) After anaerobic respiration stops you will have a oxygen debt.
  • 2) Your lungs,Heart and blood couldn’t keep up with the demand for oxygen so you have to repay the oxygen that don’t get to your muscle in time.
  • 3) This means you have to keep breathing hard for a while after you stop this then transports more oxygen into your blood which is transported to the muscle cells.
59
Q

Write a Definition of a Oxygen Debt?

A
  • An Oxygen debt is the amount of extra oxygen your body needs after exercise.

Biology- Combined Science (10 decks)

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