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Biology- Combined Science > B:3 Infection and Response Paper 1 > Flashcards

B:3 Infection and Response Paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Write a Definition of a Pathogen?

A
  • Pathogens Are Microorganism That Enter the Body and Cause Disease
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2
Q

Name The 4 Main Types Of Pathogens?

A
  • 1) Bacteria
  • 2) Viruses
  • 3) Protists
  • 4) Fungi
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3
Q

What’s The Acronym The Rember The Different Ways a Pathogen Can Spread?

A
  • W - Water
  • A - Air
  • D - Direct Contact
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4
Q

What’s The Acronym To Stop The Spread of a Disease

A
  • H - Hygiene
  • D - Destroying Vectors
  • I - Isolating
  • V - Vaccination
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5
Q

What Do Bacteria Do and How Can They Make You ill?

A
  • Bacteria Reproduce Rapidly Inside Your Body.
  • They Can Make You Feel Ill By Producing Toxins.
  • Toxins Damage your Cells and Tissues.
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6
Q

Name The 2 Bacterial Diseases?

A
  • 1) Salmonella
  • 2) Gonorrhoea
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7
Q

What Is Salmonella And Name 2 Ways You Can Catch It.

A
  • Salmonella is a Type Of Bacteria That Causes Food Poisoning.
  • You Can Get By Eating Chicken That Caught The Disease Whilst It Was Alive.
  • Or You Can get It Be Eating Food That Has Been Made In a Unclean Kitchen.
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8
Q

Name The 4 Symptoms Of Salmonella?

A
  • 1) Fever
  • 2) Stomach Cramps
  • 3) Vomiting
  • 4) Diarrhoea
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9
Q

In The Uk How Do They Reduce The Risk of Salmonella?

A

They Vaccinate Turkeys and Chickens To Stop It Spreading

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10
Q

What Is Gonorrhoea And How Is It Passed On?

A
  • Gonorrhoea Is a Sexually Transmitted Disease.
  • Its Passed On By Sxual Contact For Example Having Unportected Sex.
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11
Q

Name 2 Symptoms Of Gonorrhea and How Can It Be Treated?

A
  • The Symptoms Of Gonorrhoea is Pain When You Urinate and Yellow or Green Discharge Come From The Vagina or Penis.
  • Gonorrhoea Can Be Treated With a Antibiotic Called Penicillin .
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12
Q

Name 2 Ways Gonorrhoea Can Be Prevented?

A
  • 1) People Can Use Barrier Methods Like A Condom.
  • 2) People Can be Treated With Other Antibiotics.
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13
Q

What Do Viruses Do ,Where Do They Live And How Do They Make You ill?

A
  • Viruses Reproduce Rapidly Inside Your Body.
  • They Live Inside Your Cells and They Make Lost Of Copies Of Themselves.
  • Then The Cells With Burst This Then Causes Cell Damage and Makes You Feel ill.
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14
Q

Name The 3 Viral Diseases?

A
  • 1) Measles
  • 2) HIV
  • 3) Tobacco Mosaic Virus
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15
Q

How Is Measles Spread and Name The 3 Symptoms Of Measles?

A
  • Measles Is Spread By Droplets From an Infected Person When They Cough or Sneeze.
  • The Symptoms Of Measles Is Skin Rash,Fever and Death.
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16
Q

How Do You Stop The Spread Of Measles?

A
  • To Stop The Spread most People are Vaccinated Against Measles When They Are Young.
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17
Q

How Is HIV Spread and How Can It Happen?

A
  • HIV Can Be Spread by Sexual Contact or By Exchanging Bodily Fluids.
  • This Can Happen when People Share Needles When Taking Drugs.
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18
Q

How Does HIV Start And Then What Happens?

A
  • HIV Causes Flu-Like Symptoms For a Few Weeks.
  • After That The Person Doesn’t Usually Have Any Symptoms for Several Years.
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19
Q

Write a Definition of Antiretroviral Drugs?

A

These Are Drugs That Can Stop The HIV Virus Copying Itself In The Body.

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20
Q

What Controls HIV and What Happens If Its Not Controlled?

A
  • HIV Is Controlled with Antiretroviral Drugs.
  • And If It’s Not Controlled The Viruses Attack The Immune System
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21
Q

What Do You Call HIV If The the Immune System Is Badly Damaged?

A
  • Late Stage HIV Infection Or AIDs
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22
Q

What is Tobacco Mosaic Virus and What Does It Cause?

A
  • Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) Is a Virus That Affect Many Species Of Plants For Example:Tomatoes
  • It Causes Part Of The Leaves To Become Discoloured this Give them a Moscia Pattern.
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23
Q

Why Is Tobacco Mosaic Harmful To Plants?

A
  • TMV Makes The Plants Levees Discoloured.
  • This Means That Leaves Have Less Chlorophyll To Absorb Light so It Cant Do Photosynthesis.
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24
Q

What Type Of Pathogen Causes Rose Black Spot And How Is It Spread?

A
  • Rose Black Spot Is Caused by Fungi.
  • It Can Be Spread By Wind Or Water.
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25
Q

Name 2 Symptoms Of Rose Black Spot and What Does This Mean?

A
  • 1 Symptom Of Rose Black Spot Is It Causes Purple Or Black Spots On The Leaves of a Rose Plants.
  • Another Symptom is The Leaves Turn Yellow and Then Drop Off.
  • This Then Means That Less Photosynthesis Can Happen and The Plant Can’t Grow Very Well
26
Q

Name 2 Ways Rose Black Spots Can Be Reduced?

A
  • 1) Gardens Can Spray Fungicide.
  • 2) They Can Also Cut Off The Leaves and Then Destroy The Leaves So They Don’t Spread
27
Q

Write a Definition of Fungicide?

A
  • Fungicides Are Chemicals That Kill Fungi.
28
Q

What Causes Malaria And What Are Mosquitoes and What Do They Do?

A
  • Malaria Is Caused By a Protist.
  • Part of The Protists Life Cycle Takes Place Inside the Mosquito.
  • The Mosquitoes Are Vectors They Help Spread Malaria.
29
Q

Do The Mosquitoes Get Malaria ?

A
  • No they don’t but they help spread Malaria.
30
Q

How Is Malaria Spread?

A
  • 1) The Mosquito Pick Up The Protist When They Feed On Infected Animals
  • 2) Then They Pass on the Protist to humans when they bite.
31
Q

Name 3 Symptoms of Malaria?

A
  • 1) Fever
  • 2) Headache
  • 3) Sweating
32
Q

Name 2 Ways Malaria Can Be Reduced?

A
  • 1) Stop Mosquitoes from Breeding.
  • 2) Use Mosquito Nets.
33
Q

Name 4 Physical and Chemical Barriers and Explain how it stops it from getting in?

A
  • 1) The Skin - It Resales Substances To Stop Pathogens From Getting in.
  • 2) Cilia - Hair Like Structures In the trachea and bronchi are lined in with cilia.
  • 3) Mucus (Snot) - The Trachea and bronchi trap pathogens.
  • 4) Stomach Acid - The stomach makes Hydrochloric acid which kills pathogens.
34
Q

What’s the most important part of the immune system?

A
  • White blood Cells
35
Q

Name the 3 Different Ways that the immune system can attack Pathogens?

A
  • 1) Phagocytosis.
  • 2) Producing Antibodies.
  • 3) Producing Antitoxins.
36
Q

What Happens In The Phagocytosis Stage?

A
  • In Phagocytosis The White blood cells Engulf pathogens and digest them.
37
Q

Write a Definition of a Antigen?

A
  • Antigens are substances that our immune systems detects as being foreign.
38
Q

Write a Definition of a Antibodies?

A
  • Antibodies are small proteins that our white blood cells make.
39
Q

in 3 steps What Happens In the Antibodies Stage?

A
  • 1) Antibodies lock onto these antigens.
  • 2) Then they act as a signal and tell our white blood cells to destroy them.
  • 3) Next our white blood cells produces lots of antibodies.
40
Q

What Happens In the Antitoxins Stage?

A
  • When Pathogens produce Poisons our White blood cells Produce Antitoxins that bind and contract and kill those pathogens.
41
Q

In 2 Steps What Happens in Vaccinations?

A
  • 1) Vaccinations Involve Injecting small amounts of dead or inactive pathogens.
  • 2) Then antigens cause your white blood cell to produce lots of antibodies and the antibodies can kill the pathogen.
42
Q

Name 2 Pros of Vaccinations?

A
  • 1) They Help control lots of communicable diseases.
  • 2) They are cheap so everyone can get a vaccine.
43
Q

Name 2 Cons of Vaccinations?

A
  • 1) Bad Reaction Like Swelling.
  • 2) Don’t Always work.
44
Q

What can some drugs do and what do they not kill?

A
  • Some drugs help get rid of the symptoms of a disease.
  • But these drugs don’t kill pathogens that cause disease.
45
Q

Give a Example of a drugs that Kills symptoms?

A

Painkillers Kill Pain

46
Q

What Do Antibiotics do But what don’t they kill?

A
  • Antibiotics kill bacteria.
  • Different antibiotics kill different types of bacteria.
  • But Antibiotics don’t destroy viruses.
47
Q

What do Antibiotics reduce?

A
  • They reduce communicable diseases.
48
Q

What do Visuese Do Inside our body and why is it hard to kill them?

A
  • They reproduce using our own body cells.
  • This makes it very difficult to develop drugs that destroy viruses without killing the body’s cells.
49
Q

What can Bacteria do against Antibiotics?

A
  • Bacteria can Mutate (Change).
  • Some of these mutations can cause bacteria to become resistance to antibiotics.
50
Q

What do plants produce and what can be used out of Them?

A
  • Plants produce chemicals to defend themselves against pest and pathogens.
  • this can be used as chemicals that can treat human diseases.
51
Q

What’s The Acronym to remember the 3 different types of drugs?

A
  • P - Penicillin
  • A - Aspirin
  • D - Digitals
52
Q

What is Aspirin used for and what chemical is it found in?

A
  • Aspirin Is used as a Painkiller.
  • Chemical:Willow
53
Q

What is Digitalis used for and what chemical is it found in?

A
  • Digitalis is Used to treat Heart Conditions.
  • Chemical:Foxgloves
54
Q

What is Penicillin used for and How was it Discovered?

A
  • Penicillin is used as an antibiotic.
  • it was discovered by alexander fleming Who found a type of mould growing on a petri dish that makes a substance that Then kills bacteria.
55
Q

Write a Definition of Pharmaceutical industries?

A
  • Pharmaceutical industries is companies that make and sell drugs.
56
Q

Name the Industry that Use Drugs and How are They made?

A
  • Drugs are made by Pharmaceutical industries.
  • These Drugs are made by chemists in labs and it start from a chemical being taken from a plant.
57
Q

Name 2 Ways drugs are tested?

A
  • 1) Preclinical Testing.
  • 2) Clinical Testing.
58
Q

Name 2 Steps of how Preclinical Testing works?

A
  • 1) Drugs are first tested on human cells and tissues in the lab.
  • 2) Next the drug is tested on live animals. This is to find out its efficacy,toxicity and dosage.
59
Q

Write a Definition of Efficacy,Toxicity and dosage.

A
  • Efficacy is whether the drug works and has the effect you are looking for.
  • Toxicity is how harmful it is and whether it has any side effects.
  • Dosage is the concentration of the drug that work best and how often it should be taken.
60
Q

What Happens if It Passes the Preclinical Test?

A
  • If the drug passes the Test on animals Then it’s Tested on Healthy Volunteers in a Clinical test.
61
Q

In 7 Steps what happens in clinical testing

A

-1) First the drug is tested on healthy volunteers This is to make sure there aren’t any harmful side effects.
- 2) Next The dose increases little by little.
- 3) Then if the results are good they are tested on ill people.
- 4) Then the Optimum Dose is found and the ill people are put into 2 groups Group 1 is given the new drug and group 2 is given a placebo.
- 5) The doctors then compare the 2 groups of people and see if there is a difference.
- 6) Clinical Trail’s are Double blind - neither the doctors or ill people know what they are getting until the results have been gathered.
- 7) The results of these test are not published until they have been peer reviewed.

62
Q

Write a Definition of Optimum dose,placebo and peer review?

A
  • Optimum dose is the dose of drug that is most effective and has few side effects.
  • placebo is a substance thats like the drug but it doesn’t do anything.
  • Peer review is where other scientists check each other work.

Biology- Combined Science (10 decks)

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