B:3 Infection and Response Paper 1 Flashcards
Write a Definition of a Pathogen?
- Pathogens Are Microorganism That Enter the Body and Cause Disease
Name The 4 Main Types Of Pathogens?
- 1) Bacteria
- 2) Viruses
- 3) Protists
- 4) Fungi
What’s The Acronym The Rember The Different Ways a Pathogen Can Spread?
- W - Water
- A - Air
- D - Direct Contact
What’s The Acronym To Stop The Spread of a Disease
- H - Hygiene
- D - Destroying Vectors
- I - Isolating
- V - Vaccination
What Do Bacteria Do and How Can They Make You ill?
- Bacteria Reproduce Rapidly Inside Your Body.
- They Can Make You Feel Ill By Producing Toxins.
- Toxins Damage your Cells and Tissues.
Name The 2 Bacterial Diseases?
- 1) Salmonella
- 2) Gonorrhoea
What Is Salmonella And Name 2 Ways You Can Catch It.
- Salmonella is a Type Of Bacteria That Causes Food Poisoning.
- You Can Get By Eating Chicken That Caught The Disease Whilst It Was Alive.
- Or You Can get It Be Eating Food That Has Been Made In a Unclean Kitchen.
Name The 4 Symptoms Of Salmonella?
- 1) Fever
- 2) Stomach Cramps
- 3) Vomiting
- 4) Diarrhoea
In The Uk How Do They Reduce The Risk of Salmonella?
They Vaccinate Turkeys and Chickens To Stop It Spreading
What Is Gonorrhoea And How Is It Passed On?
- Gonorrhoea Is a Sexually Transmitted Disease.
- Its Passed On By Sxual Contact For Example Having Unportected Sex.
Name 2 Symptoms Of Gonorrhea and How Can It Be Treated?
- The Symptoms Of Gonorrhoea is Pain When You Urinate and Yellow or Green Discharge Come From The Vagina or Penis.
- Gonorrhoea Can Be Treated With a Antibiotic Called Penicillin .
Name 2 Ways Gonorrhoea Can Be Prevented?
- 1) People Can Use Barrier Methods Like A Condom.
- 2) People Can be Treated With Other Antibiotics.
What Do Viruses Do ,Where Do They Live And How Do They Make You ill?
- Viruses Reproduce Rapidly Inside Your Body.
- They Live Inside Your Cells and They Make Lost Of Copies Of Themselves.
- Then The Cells With Burst This Then Causes Cell Damage and Makes You Feel ill.
Name The 3 Viral Diseases?
- 1) Measles
- 2) HIV
- 3) Tobacco Mosaic Virus
How Is Measles Spread and Name The 3 Symptoms Of Measles?
- Measles Is Spread By Droplets From an Infected Person When They Cough or Sneeze.
- The Symptoms Of Measles Is Skin Rash,Fever and Death.
How Do You Stop The Spread Of Measles?
- To Stop The Spread most People are Vaccinated Against Measles When They Are Young.
How Is HIV Spread and How Can It Happen?
- HIV Can Be Spread by Sexual Contact or By Exchanging Bodily Fluids.
- This Can Happen when People Share Needles When Taking Drugs.
How Does HIV Start And Then What Happens?
- HIV Causes Flu-Like Symptoms For a Few Weeks.
- After That The Person Doesn’t Usually Have Any Symptoms for Several Years.
Write a Definition of Antiretroviral Drugs?
These Are Drugs That Can Stop The HIV Virus Copying Itself In The Body.
What Controls HIV and What Happens If Its Not Controlled?
- HIV Is Controlled with Antiretroviral Drugs.
- And If It’s Not Controlled The Viruses Attack The Immune System
What Do You Call HIV If The the Immune System Is Badly Damaged?
- Late Stage HIV Infection Or AIDs
What is Tobacco Mosaic Virus and What Does It Cause?
- Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) Is a Virus That Affect Many Species Of Plants For Example:Tomatoes
- It Causes Part Of The Leaves To Become Discoloured this Give them a Moscia Pattern.
Why Is Tobacco Mosaic Harmful To Plants?
- TMV Makes The Plants Levees Discoloured.
- This Means That Leaves Have Less Chlorophyll To Absorb Light so It Cant Do Photosynthesis.
What Type Of Pathogen Causes Rose Black Spot And How Is It Spread?
- Rose Black Spot Is Caused by Fungi.
- It Can Be Spread By Wind Or Water.
Name 2 Symptoms Of Rose Black Spot and What Does This Mean?
- 1 Symptom Of Rose Black Spot Is It Causes Purple Or Black Spots On The Leaves of a Rose Plants.
- Another Symptom is The Leaves Turn Yellow and Then Drop Off.
- This Then Means That Less Photosynthesis Can Happen and The Plant Can’t Grow Very Well
Name 2 Ways Rose Black Spots Can Be Reduced?
- 1) Gardens Can Spray Fungicide.
- 2) They Can Also Cut Off The Leaves and Then Destroy The Leaves So They Don’t Spread
Write a Definition of Fungicide?
- Fungicides Are Chemicals That Kill Fungi.
What Causes Malaria And What Are Mosquitoes and What Do They Do?
- Malaria Is Caused By a Protist.
- Part of The Protists Life Cycle Takes Place Inside the Mosquito.
- The Mosquitoes Are Vectors They Help Spread Malaria.
Do The Mosquitoes Get Malaria ?
- No they don’t but they help spread Malaria.
How Is Malaria Spread?
- 1) The Mosquito Pick Up The Protist When They Feed On Infected Animals
- 2) Then They Pass on the Protist to humans when they bite.
Name 3 Symptoms of Malaria?
- 1) Fever
- 2) Headache
- 3) Sweating
Name 2 Ways Malaria Can Be Reduced?
- 1) Stop Mosquitoes from Breeding.
- 2) Use Mosquito Nets.
Name 4 Physical and Chemical Barriers and Explain how it stops it from getting in?
- 1) The Skin - It Resales Substances To Stop Pathogens From Getting in.
- 2) Cilia - Hair Like Structures In the trachea and bronchi are lined in with cilia.
- 3) Mucus (Snot) - The Trachea and bronchi trap pathogens.
- 4) Stomach Acid - The stomach makes Hydrochloric acid which kills pathogens.
What’s the most important part of the immune system?
- White blood Cells
Name the 3 Different Ways that the immune system can attack Pathogens?
- 1) Phagocytosis.
- 2) Producing Antibodies.
- 3) Producing Antitoxins.
What Happens In The Phagocytosis Stage?
- In Phagocytosis The White blood cells Engulf pathogens and digest them.
Write a Definition of a Antigen?
- Antigens are substances that our immune systems detects as being foreign.
Write a Definition of a Antibodies?
- Antibodies are small proteins that our white blood cells make.
in 3 steps What Happens In the Antibodies Stage?
- 1) Antibodies lock onto these antigens.
- 2) Then they act as a signal and tell our white blood cells to destroy them.
- 3) Next our white blood cells produces lots of antibodies.
What Happens In the Antitoxins Stage?
- When Pathogens produce Poisons our White blood cells Produce Antitoxins that bind and contract and kill those pathogens.
In 2 Steps What Happens in Vaccinations?
- 1) Vaccinations Involve Injecting small amounts of dead or inactive pathogens.
- 2) Then antigens cause your white blood cell to produce lots of antibodies and the antibodies can kill the pathogen.
Name 2 Pros of Vaccinations?
- 1) They Help control lots of communicable diseases.
- 2) They are cheap so everyone can get a vaccine.
Name 2 Cons of Vaccinations?
- 1) Bad Reaction Like Swelling.
- 2) Don’t Always work.
What can some drugs do and what do they not kill?
- Some drugs help get rid of the symptoms of a disease.
- But these drugs don’t kill pathogens that cause disease.
Give a Example of a drugs that Kills symptoms?
Painkillers Kill Pain
What Do Antibiotics do But what don’t they kill?
- Antibiotics kill bacteria.
- Different antibiotics kill different types of bacteria.
- But Antibiotics don’t destroy viruses.
What do Antibiotics reduce?
- They reduce communicable diseases.
What do Visuese Do Inside our body and why is it hard to kill them?
- They reproduce using our own body cells.
- This makes it very difficult to develop drugs that destroy viruses without killing the body’s cells.
What can Bacteria do against Antibiotics?
- Bacteria can Mutate (Change).
- Some of these mutations can cause bacteria to become resistance to antibiotics.
What do plants produce and what can be used out of Them?
- Plants produce chemicals to defend themselves against pest and pathogens.
- this can be used as chemicals that can treat human diseases.
What’s The Acronym to remember the 3 different types of drugs?
- P - Penicillin
- A - Aspirin
- D - Digitals
What is Aspirin used for and what chemical is it found in?
- Aspirin Is used as a Painkiller.
- Chemical:Willow
What is Digitalis used for and what chemical is it found in?
- Digitalis is Used to treat Heart Conditions.
- Chemical:Foxgloves
What is Penicillin used for and How was it Discovered?
- Penicillin is used as an antibiotic.
- it was discovered by alexander fleming Who found a type of mould growing on a petri dish that makes a substance that Then kills bacteria.
Write a Definition of Pharmaceutical industries?
- Pharmaceutical industries is companies that make and sell drugs.
Name the Industry that Use Drugs and How are They made?
- Drugs are made by Pharmaceutical industries.
- These Drugs are made by chemists in labs and it start from a chemical being taken from a plant.
Name 2 Ways drugs are tested?
- 1) Preclinical Testing.
- 2) Clinical Testing.
Name 2 Steps of how Preclinical Testing works?
- 1) Drugs are first tested on human cells and tissues in the lab.
- 2) Next the drug is tested on live animals. This is to find out its efficacy,toxicity and dosage.
Write a Definition of Efficacy,Toxicity and dosage.
- Efficacy is whether the drug works and has the effect you are looking for.
- Toxicity is how harmful it is and whether it has any side effects.
- Dosage is the concentration of the drug that work best and how often it should be taken.
What Happens if It Passes the Preclinical Test?
- If the drug passes the Test on animals Then it’s Tested on Healthy Volunteers in a Clinical test.
In 7 Steps what happens in clinical testing
-1) First the drug is tested on healthy volunteers This is to make sure there aren’t any harmful side effects.
- 2) Next The dose increases little by little.
- 3) Then if the results are good they are tested on ill people.
- 4) Then the Optimum Dose is found and the ill people are put into 2 groups Group 1 is given the new drug and group 2 is given a placebo.
- 5) The doctors then compare the 2 groups of people and see if there is a difference.
- 6) Clinical Trail’s are Double blind - neither the doctors or ill people know what they are getting until the results have been gathered.
- 7) The results of these test are not published until they have been peer reviewed.
Write a Definition of Optimum dose,placebo and peer review?
- Optimum dose is the dose of drug that is most effective and has few side effects.
- placebo is a substance thats like the drug but it doesn’t do anything.
- Peer review is where other scientists check each other work.
