B:2 Organisation Paper 1 Flashcards
What’s the mnemonic to Remember the Basic Principal of organisation and Explain each one?
- Clever - Cells - the basic Unit of live
- Tigers - Tissues - a group of cells
- Often - Organ - structure made with lots of tissues.
- Orange - Organ systems- a Group of organs working together.
Write a Definition Of a Catalyst and what do we call a Biological Catalyst ?
A Catalyst is a Substance Which Increases The Speed of a Reaction Without being changed or used up in the reaction.
- For example a Enzyme.
Name 3 Ways the Lock and Key model Work?
- 1) The enzyme has an active site with a shape that exactly fits the substrate.
- 2) the substance binds to the active site forming an enzyme- substrate complex.
- 3) The reaction happens and the products is produced.
Name 2 Things That Has to be Right In Order For Enzymes To Work?
-1) Temperature
- 2) PH
In 7 steps how do you Investigating the Effect of pH on Amylase Activity (PRATICAL)?
- 1) Add Iodine to a spotting tile.
-2) Add Amylase, Buffer solution with PH of 5 to a Boling tube. - 3) Place the tube in an 35° water bath for 5 Minutes.
- 4) Add Starch to the boiling tube and mix and start a stopwatch.
- 5) Every 30 Seconds take a sample from the boiling tube using as pipette and put a drop of sample into the spotting tile.
- 6) If the iodine stays brown-orange, starch is fully broken down.
- 7) Repeat with different PH Values and measure how PH affects starch breakdown time.
How Do You Calculate The Rate of Reaction?
1000÷Time
Name 3 Molecules that our gut cannot digestive and explain why not?
- Starch, Protein and Fat can not be digested.
- They Can Not Be Digested Because They are too big too pass through the walls of the digestive system.
What does the digestive enzymes do?
- The digestive enzymes convert food into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the blood stream.
Name a Example of a Carbohydrate and a Carbohydrase?
- Starch is a carbohydrate
- Amylase is a carbohydrase.
Where in the digestive system are Carbohydrase made and where do they work?
- Amylase Are Made in The Salivary Glands, Pancreases and Small Intestine.
- It Works in the Mouth and Small Intestine.
How are Carbohydrase Brocken down?
- Carbohydrase’s break down carbohydrates into simple sugars.
Where Are Proteases Made And How Do They Work?
- Proteases Are Made In The Stomach,Pancreas and Small Intestine.
- They Work In The Stomach and Small Intestine.
How are Proteases Brocken down?
- Proteases break down protein to amino acids.
Where Are Lipases Made And Where Do They Work?
- Lipases are Made in the Pancreas and Small Intestine.
- They Work in the Small Intestine.
How is lipases Brocken down?
- Lipases break down lipids (Fats) to glycerol and fatty acids.
Write a Definition of bile and where is it made and stored?
- Bile Is a Alkali and It Neutralises Hydrochloric Acid.
- Bile Is Produced In The Liver and Stored In The Gall Bladder.
What does Bile also do and How does it increase the rate of fat?
- Bile emulsifies fat to form small droplets which increases the surface area.
- The alkaline conditions and larger surface area Increase the rate of fat breakdown by lipase.
Name 5 Steps To Use The Benedicts Test to test for Sugars (PRACTICAL) Food Tests 2?
- 1) Prepare a Food Sample And Transfer 5 cm³ to a test tube.
- 2) Prepare a Water Bath at 75°.
- 3) Add Some Benedict Solution To The Test Tube About 10 Drops Using a Pipette.
- 4) Place The Test in the Water Bath Using a Test Tube Holder and Leave It for 5 Minutes.
- 5) the Solution In The Test Tube Will Change from The normal blue colour to green,Yellow or Brick Red.
the Colour Change Depends on How much (__________)is in the food.
- Sugar
Name 3 Steps to Test For Starch (PRACTICAL) - Food Tests 3?
- 1) Make a Food Sample and Transfer 5 cm³ to a Test Tube.
- 2) Add a Few Drops Of Iodine Solution Gently Shake The Tube to Mix It Up.
- 3) If The Sample Contains Starch the Solution will Change From Brown-Orange to Black or Blue -Black.
Name 3 Steps to Test For Proteins (PRACTICAL) - Food Tests 4?
- 1) Prepare a Sample of Your Food And Transfer 2 cm³ To a Test Tube.
- 2) Add 2 cm³ of Biuret Solution to the Sample Gently Shake It.
- 3) If The Food Sample Contains Protein The Solution will change from blue to Purple.
Name 3 Steps to Test For Lipids (PRACTICAL) - Food Tests 5?
- 1) Prepare a Food Sample By Breaking The Food Using a Pestle and Mortar But Don’t Filter It Transfer 5 cm³ to a Test Tube.
- 2) Add 3 Drops of Sudan 3 Solution to the test tube and Gently Shake It.
- 3) If The Sample Contains Lipids the Mixture Will Separate out Into 2 Layers And The Top Layer will Be Bright Red.
What Happens In The Lungs?
- Its Breathe air in and out.
What’s The Sequence Of How Humans Breathe Air?
- Trachea - Bronchi - Bronchioles - Alveoli.
In 4 Steps What Happens In The Avelio And Where Its Located?
- It Located In The Lungs and Its Surrounded By Blood Capillaries.
- Blood Comes Into the Lungs Through Capillaries and It Contain Lots Of CO2 And Very Little O2.
- Oxygen Then Diffuses out of the air in the Alveolus.
CO2 Diffuses out of the Blood and Into the Air.
How Do You Calculate Breathing Rate?
- Number Of Breathes÷Number Of Minutes
What Does The Circulatory System Do?
- It Carries Food and Oxygen To Every Cell in the Body and Waste it to where it can be Removed.
What’s The Circulation System Made Up Of?
- Heart,Blood Vessels and Blood.
Write a Dentation of Deoxygenated Blood and Oxygenated Blood?
- Oxygenated Blood is Blood With Oxygen.
- Deoxygenated Blood Is Blood without Oxygen.
In 5 Steps What Is double circulation system and What happens in each circuit?
- 1) The double circulation system is 2 cirutis joined Together.
- 2) The 1st Circuit The heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs The Blood Picks Up Oxygen In The Lungs.
- 3) Oxygenated Blood Then Returns To the Heart.
- 4) In The 2nd Circuit The Heart Pumps Oxygenated Blood Around all the other organs of the body This Delivers oxygen to the body cells.
- 5) Deoxygenated Blood Returns to the Heart to be Pumped out to the Lungs Again.
What is the heart how many chambers does it have what are the chambers made of and what tissue is used to pump blood?
- The Heart Is a Organ With 4 Chambers.
- The Walls Of the Chambers Are Mostly Made Of Muscle Tissue.
- The Muscle Tissue is Used To Pump Blood Around The Body.
In 5 Steps How Does The Blood Travel Through The Heart?
- 1) Blood Flows Into 2 Atria from the Vena Cava and The Pulmonary Vein.
- 2) The atria Pump The Blood Into the Ventricles.
- 3) The Ventricles Pump The Blood Out of The Heart.
- 4) The Blood the flows to the Organs through Artieses and Returns through Veins.
- 5) The Atria Fill Gain and The Whole Cycle Starts Over.
Name 2 Steps Of How Ventricles pump blood Out Of The Heart?
- 1) Blood From the Right Ventricle Goes through the Pulmonary Artery To The Lungs.
- 2) Blood From the Left Ventricle Goes Through The Aorta to the Rest of the body.
What Do Valves Do And What Does The Heart Needs Its Own Of?
- Valves In The Heart Stop Blood Flowing Backwards.
- The Heart Needs Its Own Supply Of Oxygenated Blood.
Write a Definition Of Coronary Arteries?
- They Are Arteries That Get Oxygenated Blood From Arties These Branch off the Aorta And Surround The Heart.
What Is a Peacemaker and Why Does It Not Work and What do cells tell the Heart?
- The Resting Heart Rate is Controlled by a Group of Cells In The Right Atrium Wall.
- These Cells Tell the heart when to Pump Blood.
- A Peacemaker doesn’t work properly and causes an irregular heartbeat.
Name the 3 Different Types Of Blood Vessel?
- 1) Arteries
- 2) Capillaries
- 3) Veins
in 4 Steps Describe What Arteries Do What They Have and Describe Their Structure?
- 1) Arteries Carry Blood Away from the Heart.
- 2) Artery Walls Are Strong And Elastic.
- 3) They have thick Layer of muscle to make them strong.
- 4) They have elastic fibres to allow them to Stretch and Spring Back.
The Heart Pumps Blood At (_____________)
High Pressure
Write a Definition of Lumen?
- The Hole In The Middle
in 4 Steps Describe What Capillaries Do and Describe Their Structure?
- 1) Arteries Branch Into Capillaries.
- 2) Capillary are really tiny.
- 3) They Carry Blood Really Close to Every Cell in the Body To Exchanged Substance With Them.
- 4) They Have Gaps in Their Walls so Substance can Diffuse In and Out.
What Do Capillaries supply and take Away?
- They Supply Food and Oxygen and Take Away Wate like CO2.
How Big are Capillaries Walls And What Will Happen With the Size?
- Walls In Capillaries are Usually only 1 cell thick.
- This Means That Diffusion is Very Fast Because Their is a Short Distance To Travel.
in 4 Steps Describe What Veins Do and Describe Their Structure?
- 1) Capillary Join up to From Veins.
- 2) Veins Take Blood Back to the Heart.
- 3) The blood is at Low Pressure in The Veins. This Means The Walls don’t need to be as thick as artery walls.
- 4) Veins Have a Bigger Lumen Than arties.This Helps the Blood Flow Despite Low Pressure.
What do Veins Also Have And How Do They Help?
- They Have Valves Which Helps Blood Flow In The Right Direction.
How do You Calculate Blood Flow?
Volume Blood (ml) ÷Number of Minutes
Name The 3 Main Parts Of Blood?
- 1) Red and White Blood Cells
- 2) Plates
- 3) Plasma
In 3 Steps What Do Red Blood Cells Do Describe Their Shape?
- 1) The Job of Red Blood Cells Is to Carry Oxygen from The Lungs to All the Cells in the Body.
- 2)Their Shape Gives them a Large Surface Area For Absorbing Oxygen.
- 3) Red Blood Cells Dont Have a Nucleus This Leaves More Space For Carrying Oxygen.
What Do Red Blood Cells Contain and give a Definition of What They Contain?
- They Contain a Red Substance Called Haemoglobin.
- Haemoglobin Is The Stuff that allows red blood cells to carry oxygen.
In 4 Steps What do White Blood Cells Do?
- 1) They are Part of The Immune System.
- 2) Some Can Change Shape to Eat up unwelcome Microorganisms.
- 3) Others Produce Molecules Called Antibodies and Antitoxins To Defend against Microssgrasims.
- 4) And unlike red Blood Cells They Do have a Nucleus.
In 2 Steps What do Plates Do and How Does It Help?
- 1) These Small Fragments Of Cells They Have No Nucleus and Help Blood To Clot At a Wound.
- 2) This Stops all Your Blood Poring Out and It also Stops Any Microorganisms Getting In.
What Is Plasma and What Does It Carry With It?
- 1) Plasma Is a Pale Straw Coloured Liquid.
- 2) It Carries Food Molecules Like Glucose,Waste Products Like CO2,Hormones And Protein.
What Do Coronary Arteries Do and What is Connery Heat Disease?
- Coronary Arteries Supply Heart Muscle With Blood.
- Coronary Heart Disease Is When Layer Of Fatty Material Build Up In The Arteries.
What Is The Fatty Layer Also Called?
Fatty Deposits
What Will a Fatty Layer In The Arteries Lead To?
- This Causes The Arteries To Become Narrow and It Reduces The Blood Flow To The Heart Muscle. This Means That Less Oxygen can Get To The Heart Muscle this can Lead To a Heart Attack.
What Are Stents And How They Do They Help?
- Stents Are Tubes That Are Put Inside Coronary Arteries By Surgery.
- They Keep The Arteries Open.
- This Allows Blood to Reach The Heart Muscle And Reduces The Risk Of a Heart Attack.
What Is Cholesterol and How Can It Cause Problems?
- Cholesterol Is a Lip That Your Body Needs.
- However Too Much Cholesterol Can Cause Fatty Deposits to Form Inside Arteries.
What Are Statins What Do They Reduce and What Does It Slow Down?
- Statins Are a Drug That can educe The Amount Of Cholesterol In The Blood
- This Then Slows Down The Rate Of Fatty Deposit Forming.
What Are Angina And Stroke?
- Stokes Are When the supply of blood to the brain becomes blocked.
- Angina Is Chest Pain That Is caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscles
What’s The Acronym To Remember The Pros Of Statins?
- C - Cost Effective.
- E - Ease Of Use.
- P - Prevention.
- R - Reduce.
Write a Definition Of a Heart Transplant,Donor Heart and Heart Failure?
- 1) A Heart Transplant Is When a Person Heart Is Replace By a Donor Heart.
- 2) A Donor Heart Is a Heart From Someone Who Has Recently Died.
- 4) Heart Failure Is When The Heart Cant Pump Enough Blood.
What’s The Acronym To Remember The Cons Of Statins?
- T- Taken Regular.
- T - Takes Time To Work.
- U -Unwanted Side Effects
How Can a Heart Transplant Happen?
- It Can Happen If Some One Has Heart Failure and The Lungs May Also Be Replaced If They have are Diseased.
What Happens If a Donor Heart Isn’t Available and Write a Definition of a Artificial Heart And How Do They Work?
- 1) If a Donor Heart Isn’t Available Then Doctors May Have To Fit a Artificial Heart.
- 2) A Artificial Heart is a machine That Pumps Blood Around The Body.
- 3) Artificial Hearts can Be Used to Keep a Person Alive or They can help a person Recover By Allowing The Heart to rest and Heal.
Give 1 Advantage Of Artificial Hearts?
- 1) They Are Made From Metal and Plastic and This Makes Them Less Likely To Be Attacked By the Body’s Immune System.
What’s The Acronym To Remember The Disadvantages Of Artificial Heart?
- D - Don’t Work as Well as Natural Ones.
- B - Blood Doesn’t Flow Smoothly.
- I - Infections and Bleeding Can Be Caused.
How Can The Valves Become Damaged What May This Cause
- 1) The Valves In The Heart Can Be Damaged By Heat Attacks,Infection and Old Age.
- 2) This May Cause the Valve to Stiffen so It Won’t Open Properly.
Write a Definition of Biological and Mechanical Valves?
- Biological Valves are Valves From Humans Or Other Mammals Like Cows And Pigs.
- Mechanic Valves Are Man Made Valves.
How Can Valves Be Replaced?
- They can Be Replaced By Biological or Mechanical Valves.
Write a Definition of Heath?
- Health Is The State of Physical and Mental Wellbeing.
Write a Definition Of Communicable Diseases How Are They Caused and Give Some Example?
- 1) Communicable Disease Can Spread From Person to Person or Between Animals and People.
- 2) These Can Be Caused by Bacteria,Viruses,Parasites and Fungi.
- 3) For Example: Measles and Malaria
Write a Definition of Non - Communicable Diseases and Give Examples?
- 1) Non - Communicable Is Disease That Cannot Spread Between People and Animals.
- 2) For Example Coronary Heart Disease.
Name 4 Ways a Disease can Cause Physical and Mental Health Issues?
- 1) The Immune Systems Helps Fight Off Pathogens.
- 2) An Immune System Reaction May Lead to an Allergic Reaction such as skin Rash.
- 3) Viruses Infect Cells In the Body.
- 4) Physical Heath Problems May Lead to Mental Heath Problems For Example a Person My Become Depressed.
Name 3 Other Factors That can Affect Your Health?
- Poor Diet,Lots Of Stress, And Life Situations
Write a Definition of a Risk Factor?
- Risk Factors are things that are linked to an increased changes of getting certain disease but it doesn’t mean that they will defently get the disease.
Give 3 Types Of Risk Factors?
- 1) A Person’s Lifestyle.
- 2) Substance In The Person’s Environment.
- 3) Substance in a Person’s Body
Lifestyle Factors Can Have a Different Effects On (__________),(__________) (_____________)
Locally Nationally Globally
Name 5 Risk Factors That Can Cause Diseases Directly?
- 1) Smoking - Can Cause Lung Disease and Cancer.
-2) Obesity - May Cause Type 2 Diabetes. - 3) Drinking Alcohol - Can Cause Damage to the Brain and Liver.
- 4) Smoking and Drinking Alcohol - Can Cause Health Problems For The Baby.
- 5) Cancer Can be Caused By Exposure to Certain Subscenes or Radiations.
(___________________________) Of People around the world die from non-communicable disease every year.
Tens of Millions.
What Causes Cancer and Write The Definition of a Tumor?
- Changes In Cells can Lead to Uncontrolled Growth and Division This Results In a Tumor.
- Tumors Can Be Benign or Malignant.
- A tumor is a Mass Of Cells.
in 4 Steps Describe Benign and if its Dangerous?
- 1) Benign Tumours Are Masses Of Abnormal Cells.
- 2) They Stay in 1 Place Usually Within a Membrane.
- 3) They Don’t Invade other Parts of The Body .
- 4) This Type Isn’t Normally Dangerous and The Tumour isn’t Cancerous.
In 4 Steps Describe Malignant and If Its Dangerous?
- 1) Malignant Tumours Spread to other parts of the Body.
- 2) These Cells Can Break Off and Travel in the BloodStream.
- 3) The Cells Get Into Healthy Tissues And Form Secondary Tumors.
- 4) This Type Is Dangerous and Can be Fatal.
What’s The Acronym To Remember The Lifestyle Factors That Increases The Chances Of Cancer?
- S - Smoking
- O - Obesity
- U - UV Expose
- V - Viral Infection
What’s The Acronym to Remember the Genetic Factors?
- O - Offspring Inherit Gens
- F - Inhartan Fatly Genes
Give 4 Ways People Are More Likely To Survive Cancer?
- 1) treatments have Improved.
- 2) Doctors can Diagnose Cancer Earlier.
- 3) Most People Are Being Screened (Tested) For Cancer.
- 4) People Know The Risks Of Cancer.
Give Example Of Some Plant Tissues and What’s Their Job?
- 1) Epidermal Tissue - This Covers The Whole Plant.
- 2) Palisade mesophyll Tissue - This Is where the Most Photosynthesis Happens.
- 3) Spongy Mesophyll Tissue - This Is The Part of The Leaf That Has Big Air Sacs.
- 4) Meristem Tissue - This Is Found in the Shoots and Roots of a Plant.
Write a Definition of Upper Epidermis and Palisade Layer?
- 1) The Upper epidermis Is The Layer That Transport .This Letts Light To Get Through.
- 2) The Palisade Layer Has Lots Of Chloroplast To Help It Do Lots of Photosynthesis.
Write a Definition of Stomata?
- Stomata Lets Gases Diffuse in and out of The Leaf.
- These Are Controlled by Guard Cells.
In 3 Steps What Does Phloem Do and Describe Its Structure?
- 1) Phloem Tubes Are Made Of Elongated Living Cells.
- 2) There are End Walls Between The Cells and These Have Pores To Allow Cell Sap To Flow Through.
-3) Phloem Tubes Transport Dissolved Sugars around The Plant For Use or Storage.
Write a Definition of Elongated,Pores and Translocation?
- Elongated Means Stretched Out.
- Pores Are Small Holes.
- Translocation Means The Transport Goes in Both Directions.
In 3 Steps What Does Xylem Do and Describe Its Structure?
- 1) Xylem Is Made of Dead Cells. and Its Tubes Carry Water and Mineral Ions From the Roots to the Stem and Leaves.
- 2) The Cells are Joined Together With a Hole Down The Middle and There are No End Walls Between The Cells.
The Cells are Strengthened With a Material Called (___________)
Lignin
Where Do Transpiration Manly Happen?
- It Happens Mainly In The Leaves.
in 3 Steps How Does Transportation Happen?
- 1) Water Evaporates From The Leves and Diffuses into the Air.
- 2) This Creates A Slight Shortage Of Water in The Leaf .
- 3) This Means More Water Is Drawn Up From the Roots.
What’s The Acronym The Remember The Transportation Rate?
- H -Humidity
- A - Air Flow
- T - Temperature
- L - Light Intensity
Whats Surrounding Stomata?
Guard Cells
In 4 Steps how do Guard Cells Control Gas Exchange and Water Loss?
- 1) Guard Cells Change Shape To Control the Size Of Stomata.
- 2) When The Plant Has Lots Of Water the Guard Cells Will Get Fat and The Stomata Open and Gases can Be Exchanged.
- 3) And When The Plant Has Less Water the Guard Cells Become Floppy and The Stomata closes.
Which Part of The Leave Has The Most Stomata and What Does this Lead To?
- There Is More Stomata On The Bottom.
- This Is Because The Lower Surface is Cooler so Less Water Gets Lost.
