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FSS1601 AK2 > AV03 Comm Facilities and Navaids > Flashcards

AV03 Comm Facilities and Navaids Flashcards

1
Q

Wave Length

A

Distance from peak to peak`

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2
Q

Cycle

A

period in which a wave rises from zero to crest then falls through trough and rises to zero again

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3
Q

Amplitude

A

height of the wave crest from zero

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4
Q

Carrier

A

transmitted radio wave of constant frequency and amplitude on which intelligence is added

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5
Q

Frequency

A

number of cycles (waves) that pass a given point in a specific amount of time. (Hz is cycles per second)

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6
Q

Name two most common types of modulators

A 
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Frequency Modulation (FM)
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7
Q

Frequency Bands of NDB’s

A

LF, 190-415kHz and MF, 510-535kHz

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8
Q

What is the HF frequency used for air-ground communications in remote areas of Canada?

A

5680 kHz

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9
Q

VHF frequencies used for VOR’s and ILS

A

108.00-117.95 MHz

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10
Q

VHF frequencies used for civil aviation voice communication

A

118.00-136.00 MHz

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11
Q

Name frequency band used for DME’s TACAN’s and glide path.

A

UHF (300MHz-3000MHz)

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12
Q

What is the UHF Frequency used for emergency air-ground communications

A

243.0 MHz (considered UHF despite technically not being in UHF range)

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13
Q

Three types of Radio wave propagation

A

Direct Wave, Sky Wave and Ground Wave

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14
Q

Advantages of LF, MF and HF

A 
Long range (Ground and Sky Waves) 
Site location not as important compared to VHF
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15
Q

Disadvantages of LF, MF, and HF

A

Subject to atmospheric interference
Bulky equipment
Subject to fading
Stations interfere with one another

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16
Q

Advantages of VHF

A

Virtually free fro static
Not subject to fading
Lighter equipment
Higher Fidelity

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17
Q

Disadvantages of VHF

A

Line of sight required

Man-made noise interference

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18
Q

Textual form digital communication displaying to both pilot and controller

A

CPDLC - Controller Pilot Data Link Communication

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19
Q

Components of Data Link Communication

A

Mode S secondary surveillance radar
Communication satellites
VHF data links

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20
Q

Mode S

A

Secondary Surveillance Radar System that provides two-way data communications capability for air traffic, flight information and surveillance services

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21
Q

SATCOM

A

Satellite Communications used in oceanic and remote areas

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22
Q

VHF Data Link

A

widely used for aircraft operations and for limited flight information and air traffic services. Can also provide cockpit weather graphics information from ground based weather radar

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23
Q

One degree of latitude is equal to what distance

A

60 NM

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24
Q

March Airport (CYMR) Coordinates

A

51 degrees 14 minutes 52 seconds North

96 degrees 00 minutes 06 seconds West

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25
Q

Bearing

A

The direction of one location from another. Angular measurements from 0-360 degrees.
Can be True, Magnetic, Relative or Compass bearing.

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26
Q

Heading

A

The direction the aircraft is pointed. 0-360 degrees.

Can be True, Magnetic, Compass or Grid.

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27
Q

Variation East

A

Magnetic less the true (Magnetic least)

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28
Q

Variation West

A

Magnetic greater the true (Magnetic best)

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29
Q

Isogonic Lines

A

Dashed lines on charts depicting areas of equal magnetic variation.

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30
Q

Agonic Line

A

Line joining points of zero variation

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31
Q

Deviation

A

Angular Difference between magnetic North and compass North for a specific aircraft

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32
Q

The two systems of radio aids.

A

Info displayed in the aircraft

Info available by voice communication from the ground

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33
Q

The three dimensions position is given in.

A

Distance
Bearing
Altitude

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34
Q

Reciprocal

A

Opposite of a given bearing

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35
Q

Track

A

Direction the aircraft is actually moving (not necessarily the direction it is pointing)

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36
Q

What Navaid transits a 1020Hz monotone interrupted every 7.5 seconds with two or three letter morse code identifier in all directions?

A

NDB

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37
Q

Auxiliary Codes

A

Letter code appearing after frequencies of navaids appearing either singly or in multiples.

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38
Q

Auxiliary Code “A”

A

ATIS

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39
Q

Auxiliary Code “T”

A

ATC can transmit on this nav frequency but not receive

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40
Q

Auxiliary Code “M”

A

NDB power output 50 to less then 2000 watts

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41
Q

Auxiliary Code “H”

A

NDB power output 2000 watts or more

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42
Q

Auxiliary Code “L”

A

NDB power output less then 50 watts

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43
Q

Auxiliary Code “Z”

A

75MHz location or fan marker

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44
Q

Uses of an NDB

A

En route navigation
Holding facility
IFR approach
Fix determination

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45
Q

What is ADF?

A

Automatic Direction Finder.
An airborne radio compass which can home in on NDB’s
(mandatory for IFR flights in uncontrolled airspace)

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46
Q

What is the ADF Formula?

A

Track to NDB = Heading + Relative Bearing

Bearing from NDB = Track to NDB Reciprocal

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47
Q

What are the causes of erroneous ADF readings?

A 
Electrical storms
Night Effect
Mountain Effect
Coastal Refraction
Sense Antenna Failure
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48
Q

What is Night Effect?

A

Oscillation of ADF needle occurring right after sunset or just before dawn

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49
Q

What is Mountain Effect?

A

Erroneous ADF readings caused by radio waves reflecting off mountains

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50
Q

What is Coastal Refraction?

A

Erroneous ADF readings caused by radio waves refracting off the coastline

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51
Q

What happens when the sense antenna fails?

A

The ADF needle will rotate constantly in one direction

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52
Q

VOR Frequency Range

A

112.0 - 117.9MHz

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53
Q

How many letters used in VOR identifiers?

A

three

54
Q

Radial

A

A bearing from a VOR, TACAN or VORTAC facility

55
Q

What a VOR broadcasts

A

3 letter Identifier every 7.5 seconds in morse code

Radiates 360 range legs (radials)

56
Q

What are the uses of a VOR?

A

En Route Navigation
Holding fix
IFR approach
Determination of intersection

57
Q

Advantages of VOR

A 
360 courses (radials)
Little interference
accuracy + or - 2 degrees
easy to use
Magnetic bearings
Visual presentation
positive tuning
58
Q

Disadvantages of VOR

A

Line of sight transmission

On some radios, VOR receiver cuts out when transmitter is used

59
Q

What does a DME do?

A

Airborne DME transmitter sends radio signal to ground DME facility, which sends a reply back on different frequency. Airborne receiver measures amount of time required for the round trip signal and translates into distance (slant range) from aircraft to ground station in nautical miles, automatically and continuously

60
Q

What is the ICAO regulated minimum accuracy of a DME?

A

Within + or - 1/2 mile or 3% of distance, which ever is greater

61
Q

Frequencies used by DME’s

A

UHF 960-1215MHz
However it’s frequency is paired with a VOR or ILS frequency so most aircraft equipment will provide automatic selection of DME when VOR is selected.
Frequency assigned and published as channel number
eg ch85.

62
Q

Effective range of DME

A

about 200NM depending on altitude

63
Q

How DME’s are combined with other navaids

A

As integral part of TACAN

With VOR to enhance en route position determination and increase number of radio fixes in a terminal area

As an alternative to ILS MF/LF beacons

As a basis for area navigation through airborne computing of VOR/DME signals from a collocated source or DME signals from two suitably located locations

64
Q

What is a DME Arc?

A

A course flown at a constant DME distance around a navaid such a VOR (orbit)

65
Q

Advantages of DME

A

Position of aircraft presented to pilot more accurately than with VOR or ADF fixes

Pilot can quickly and accurately estimate ground speed when flying directly toward or away from DME

More precise position given by DME can be used by controller to radar identify a flight with out using identifying turns

Separation of IFR flights can be safely reduced

66
Q

Describe a TACAN

A

Tactical Air Navigation. Navaid used primarily by the military for en route, non precision landings and other military applications. Measures bearing and range from ground station in same manner as a VOR/DME.
Short Range

67
Q

Two Elements of TACAN

A 
Airborne Receiver (Interrogator)
Fixed Ground Transponder (beacon or station)
68
Q

Frequencies used by TACAN

A

Air - Ground 1025-1150MHz

Ground - Air 962-1024MHz and 1151-1213MHz

69
Q

LF range

A

30-300kHz

70
Q

MF range

A

300kHz-3000kHz

71
Q

HF range

A

3-30MHz

72
Q

VHF Range

A

30-300MHz

73
Q

UHF range

A

300-3000MHz

74
Q

What is VORTAC?

A

Combination of civil VOR and military TACAN at the same site.

75
Q

How does VORTAC serve military and civil aviation?

A

Civil in VHF bands and military in UHF bands

76
Q

Describe ILS

A

Instrument Landing System
Is primary international precision approach system approved by ICAO.
Provides precise horizontal and vertical guidance to the runway.

77
Q

What are the ground components of ILS

A

Localizer for horizontal portion
Glide Path for vertical portion
NDB or DME Fix along approach path

78
Q

Frequencies used by Localizer

A

VHF 108.1 - 111.9MHz

79
Q

What are the Yellow and Blue Sectors in regards to the localizer?

A

If in Yellow Sector, aircraft to left of localizer.

If in Blue, to the right

80
Q

Location of Localizer

A

Extended centre line of principle ILS runway, short distance from opposite end of approach

81
Q

Localizer Ident

A

three letters beginning with letter “I”

82
Q

Frequencies used by Glide Path

A

UHF 329.3 - 335.0MHz

Glide Path channel always paired with Localizer channel

83
Q

Location of Glide Path

A

approximately 1000’ from approach end of runway, offset approximately 400’ from centre line

84
Q

What does GPS provide?

A

Reliable position and navigation information on timely basis in any weather condition when minimum of four usable GPS signals can be attained.
Also means of guidance approved in North Atlantic.

85
Q

Two Systems GPS supports

A

RNAV

ADS-B

86
Q

What is ADS-B?

A

Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast
Next gen surveillance tech that supports radar-like separation standards in areas where non radar (procedural) separation has traditionally been used, allowing more flexible routing and fuel savings.

87
Q

What does ADS-B do?

A

Airborne ADS-B equipment relays to ground based receiver the exact geographical co-ordinates of the aircraft and displays the info on a surveillance screen at ATC.

88
Q

GPS was developed by the US military. Do they charge for it’s use? And is there a threat of them cutting off service?

A

No. Presidential Statement was issued in 2004 making commitments to ensure the continued operation of GPS constellation, with uninterrupted access to it’s signals, free of direct user charges

89
Q

Three segments of GPS

A

Space Segment
Control Segment
User Segment

90
Q

Nominally, how many satellites in the GPS constellation?

A

24

91
Q

Describe the orbits of GPS satellites

A

They orbit in six separate orbital planes twice a day at 10900 NM at roughly 7000 MPH. 4 satellites in each plane. This guarantees a minimum of 4 satellites in view at any given time.

92
Q

Keeping time on a GPS satellite

A

each satellite has 4 atomic clocks giving accuracy of one billionth of a second

93
Q

Three components of the Control Segment

A

Five monitor Stations (Hawaii, Kwajalein, Ascension Island, Diego Garcia and Colorado Springs)

Three Ground Antennas (Ascension Island, Diego Garcia and Kwajalein)

Master Control Station at Schriever Air Force Base in Colorado

94
Q

Two frequencies of GPS

A

L1 and L2

L2 is encrypted for military use only

95
Q

Precise Positioning Service (PPS)

A

Uses both L1 and L2. Military applications only. Accurate to within 5m

96
Q

Standard Positioning Service (SPS)

A

Uses L1 only. Civil use. Accurate to 15m

97
Q

Advantages of GPS

A 
Accurate, global and three dimensions
No environmental limitations
Provides position info
Inexpensive
Reduced IFR spacing
More efficient routing for VFR
Increased safety
Enormous future potential
98
Q

Common Uses of GPS

A 
Aviation
Vehicle Tracking
Vehicle Navigation
Emergency Services
Data Collection
Marine
Agriculture
Recreation
99
Q

Sources of GPS errors

A 
Orbital Error
Clock Errors
Ionospheric and Tropospheric delay
Multipath Errors
Receiver Noise

Total accuracy affected no more then 25-50m

100
Q

What is Orbital Error

A

When the satellite is not in the position it is predicted to be in.

101
Q

What is Clock Error

A

When satellites clock and receiver clock are out of sink. A 10 nanosecond (0.00000001 second) error would throw the range off by 3m

102
Q

What are Ionospheric and Tropospheric Delay

A

Delay in signal reaching receiver due to passing through charged particles in the atmosphere

103
Q

What is Multipath Error

A

GPS signal bounces off nearby objects throwing the range out.

104
Q

What is GPS Receiver Noise

A

When GPS receiver struggles to measure signal from satellites.

105
Q

What capability must a GPS receiver have to be approved for IFR applications?

A

RAIM (Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring)

Requires at least 6 satellites in view to detect unhealthy satellites and warn pilot of discrepancy

106
Q

Can handheld GPS receivers be used by pilots?

A

Yes but VFR only and only as an accessory for VFR Navagation

107
Q

Disadvantages of GPS

A

Over reliance
Antenna mounting issues causing signal loss
Database updates and Humane error
Precision GPS approaches still not widely available

108
Q

Pronounceable 5-letter identifiers (LLLLL)

A

Assigned to airway intersections and oceanic control boundary intersections

109
Q

4-Letter identifiers (CLLL)

A

Used to identify specific aerodromes (ie CYVR = Vancouver)

110
Q

3-Letter Identifiers (LLL)

A

assigned to VOR, DME, ILS (ILS always starts with “I”), VORTAC and TACAN

111
Q

2-Letter identifiers (LL)

A

Assigned to NDB and certain DME

112
Q

3-Letter-Number Identifiers (CLL#) ie CKK7

A

Assigned to secondary Aerodromes that do not meet the requirements for a 4-letter ID but are still listed in CFS

113
Q

Number Letter Identifiers (L#) or (#L)

A

Assigned to private navaids

114
Q

VHF Emergency Frequency

A

121.5 MHz

115
Q

UHF Emergency Frequency

A

243.0 MHz

116
Q

En Route common frequency

A

126.7 MHz

117
Q

HF Northern Areas frequency

A

5680 kHz

118
Q

Flight Information common frequency

A

122.5 MHz

119
Q

Vehicle control Frequency

A

122.6 MHz

120
Q

ATC Frequency ranges

A
  1. 0-121.975 MHz
  2. 6-128.8 MHz
  3. 025-136.475 MHz
121
Q

Approximate ranges of VHF radio communications at;
FL180
FL350
FL450

A

Altitude Air-Ground Air-Air

FL180 165NM 330NM
FL350 230NM 460NM
FL450 261NM 522NM

Air-Air double Air-Ground

122
Q

4 methods to express direction

A

1) True - relative to True North
2) Magnetic - relative to magnetic North
3) Compass - Based off the A/C’s compass
4) Relative - position of an object relative to the direction the A/C is pointing

123
Q

Bearing

A

Direction of one location from another. Angular measurements from 0 degrees - 360 degrees given in either True, Magnetic, Compass or Relative

124
Q

Heading

A

Direction of which the longitudinal axis of the A/C is pointing in relation to North (True, Magnetic, Compass or Grid North)

125
Q

True Bearing

A

Measured clockwise from True North

126
Q

Magnetic Bearing

A

Measured clockwise from Magnetic North

127
Q

Compass Bearing

A

Measured clockwise from Compass North

128
Q

Relative Bearing

A

Measured clockwise from the heading of the A/C

129
Q

Where do ADF needles always point?

A

They always point to the NDB and read clockwise from the nose of the A/C.
eg. needle points to 0 degrees, nose of A/C pointed directly at the NDB, if needle points to 180 degrees, tail of A/C points to the NDB

130
Q

How to determine track to the NDB and the bearing from the NDB.

A

Add A/C heading (magnetic) to the relative bearing of NDB.
eg. A/C heading is 070 degrees and the relative bearing of NDB from the A/C is 230 degrees. The track to the NDB would then be 300 degrees magnetic.
The A/C would need to change heading from 070 to 300 to fly towards the NDB.
The bearing from the NDB would be the reciprocal of of the track to the NDB. So in this case the A/C’s bearing from the NDB would be 120 Degrees. (reciprocal of 300)

131
Q

What is RMI?

A

Radio magnetic Indicator.
combination of gyro-slaved magnetic compass and an ADF indicator. Gives magnetic bearing directly.
A/C’s heading shown at top of instrument, while needle points to NDB.
eg. If number at the top is 270 and the needle is pointing to 120. The A/C is flying a heading of 270 degrees magnetic, and if the A/C alters course to a heading of 120 degrees magnetic, the A/C will be heading towards the NDB. At which point the needle will be pointing to the number at the top of the instrument which would then be 120

FSS1601 AK2 (10 decks)

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