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FSS1601 AK2 > AV02 Basic Aircraft Operations > Flashcards

AV02 Basic Aircraft Operations Flashcards

1
Q

Newton’s Third Law of Motion

A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

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2
Q

What are the four forces that act on an aircraft in flight?

A

Thrust, drag, lift and weight

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3
Q

Centre of pressure

A

The point on the wing through which the lift acts.

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4
Q

Which four factors can change the amount of lift?

A
  • The shape and area of the airfoil
  • the aircraft’s speed through the atmosphere
  • air density
  • the angle of attack
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5
Q

Angle of attack

A

The angle that the chord of the wing makes with the relative wind.

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6
Q

At what angle can you expect the wing to stall?

A

15-18 degrees

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7
Q

Stall

A

When even airflow over the wing is disrupted and breaks away, destroying lift.

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8
Q

What are the two types of drag?

A

Parasitic and induced

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9
Q

Parasitic drag

A

Drag of all those parts of an aircraft that do not produce lift such as landing gear, fuselage, antennas, struts.

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10
Q

What are the two components of parasitic drag?

A

Form drag:created by the form or shape of a body as it resists motion through the air
Skin friction:the tendency of the air flowing over a body to cling to its surface

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11
Q

Induced drag

A

Caused by those parts of an airplane which are active in producing lift.

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12
Q

Explain how wing tip vortices are caused

A

The air flowing over the wing flows in toward the fuselage and the air under the wing flows out away from the fuselage to an area of less pressure. The two air flows meet at the trailing edge resulting in eddies and vortices at the wing tips. Eddies from the left wing tip flow clockwise and from the right flow counter clockwise when viewed from behind.

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13
Q

Longitudinal Axis

A

Extending from the nose to the tail of the aircraft. Motion around this axis is roll. (Produced by ailerons)

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14
Q

Lateral Axis

A

Extending from wing tip to wing tip. Motion around this axis is pitch. (Produced by elevators)

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15
Q

Vertical Axis

A

Passes through the centre of gravity. Motion around this axis is yaw. (Produced by the rudder)

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16
Q

Trim tabs

A

Adjustable devices located on the trailing edge of the ailerons, elevators, and rudders to allow the pilot to maintain the desired attitude without applying constant pressure to the control column or pedals.

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17
Q

Flaps

A

Control devices situated along the trailing edge of the wing to change the shape of the wing to increase lift.

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18
Q

Speed brakes

A

Hinged doors, normally located at the rear of the fuselage, that extend to create drag and reduce speed.

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19
Q

Slats/slots

A

Smooth the flow of air over the wing. Slots are built into the wing just behind the leading edge and slats are fitted into the leading edge of the wing.

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20
Q

Spoilers

A

Devices fitted into the top of the wing to destroy airflow. Used to decrease airspeed or increase rate of descent.

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21
Q

List the 7 factors that affect aircraft performance

A
  • Wind
  • Temperature
  • AC load
  • Speed limit
  • Company limitations
  • Pilot proficiency
  • Runway conditions and gradient.
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22
Q

State the four atmospheric ICAO standards

A
  • Perfectly dry air
  • MSL pressure of 29.92
  • MSL temperature of 15 degrees Celsius
  • Temperature lapse of 1.98 degrees Celsius/1000ft
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23
Q

What are the effects on take off, landing, approach, and climbing with regards to temperature?

A

If the air is warmer, more runway is needed for take off and landing, approach is faster, and the rate of climb is less.

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24
Q

What are the effects on take off, landing, approach, and climbing with regards to pressure?

A

If the pressure is lower, more runway is needed for take off and landing, approach is faster, and the rate of climb is less.

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25
Q

What is the speed limit under 10,000ft ASL?

A

250knots

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26
Q

What is the speed limit under 3000ft AGL within 10NM of a controlled aerodrome?

A

200knots

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27
Q

What are the exceptions to airspeed limitations?

A
  • The AC is being operated in accordance with a special flight operations certificate
  • The minimum safe airspeed for the AC is greater than said airspeed limitation
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28
Q

What are the two methods used to slow airspeed and descend?

A
  • Reduce power, maintain altitude so that the airspeed is reduced and the AC descends
  • Reduce power and push the nose down so that the airspeed is maintained and the AC descends
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29
Q

When is maximum rate of climb usually achieved?

A

Within the first 500 feet of climb.

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30
Q

IAS

A

Indicated Air Speed: The uncorrected speed of the AC read from the airspeed indicator.

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31
Q

TAS

A

True Airspeed: calibrated airspeed corrected for error due to temperature and density.

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32
Q

What are the five reasons that an AC may stall?

A
  • Airspeed
  • Weight
  • Turbulent Air
  • Wind shears
  • Angle of bank
33
Q

Lift enhancing flaps

A

Increase wing camber and area so as to produce more lift. As a result, the stall speed is lowered.

34
Q

Drag inducing flaps

A

Also known as airbrakes, they greatly increase stall speed.

35
Q

Lift/drag flaps

A

Smaller AC use these to slow the AC but also generates sufficient extra lift.

36
Q

What are the two categories of flight instrument?

A

Pressure instruments and gyroscopic instruments

37
Q

List the four pressure instruments

A
  • Airspeed indicator
  • Mach indicator
  • Vertical speed indicator
  • Altimeter
38
Q

Static pressure

A

The pressure of the surrounding air at flight altitude. Decreases with altitude.

39
Q

Dynamic pressure

A

The force exerted on the AC by the resistance of air to the ACs movement.

40
Q

List the three gyroscopic instruments

A
  • Heading indicator
  • Attitude indicator
  • Turn and slip indicator
41
Q

ICAO Aircraft Type Designators

A

A manual containing designators for those types of AC that are most commonly provided with Air Traffic Services. Lists: manufacturers, designators, model numbers, common names, and turbulence categories.

42
Q

Conventional landing gear

A

Consists of two wheels forward of the aircraft’s center of gravity and a third wheel at the tail. Also called a taildragger.

43
Q

Tricycle landing gear

A

Has three wheels: two main wheels and one nose wheel. The nose gear can be steered by the rudder pedals.

44
Q

Tandem landing gear

A

Also called bicycle landing gear, it is used for very large aircraft and consists of two sets of wheels located one behind the other on the fuselage.

45
Q

What will the designator for any aircraft not listed in the aircraft type designators be?

46
Q

Will roman numerals be used in designators in the Aircraft type designators handbook?

A

No, they will be changed to Arabic numerals.

47
Q

What is the criteria for a Heavy aircraft?

A

Maximum certified take of weight of 300,000lbs (136,000kg) or more.

48
Q

What is the criteria for a Medium aircraft?

A

Maximum certified take off weight of less than 300,000lbs (136,000kg) and more than 15,500lbs (7000kg)

49
Q

What is the criteria for a Light aircraft?

A

Maximum certified take off weight of less than 15,500lbs (7000kg)

50
Q

List the six letters used to describe an aircraft type in the aircraft type designators handbook.

A 
L-landplane
S-seaplane
A-amphibian
H-helicopter
G-gyrocopter
T-tilt-wing aircraft
51
Q

What does the letter C mean with regards to number of engines?

A

C refers to, on a fixed wing aircraft, two engines that are coupled to drive a single propeller system.

52
Q

What are the four parts of the aircraft type designators handbook?

A

Part 1: Listed by the common names of the manufacturer followed by the aircraft types they produce.
Part 2: Listed by the type designator
Part 3: Listed by model number or model name
Part 4: Listed by the common names of the manufacturer followed by their full names

53
Q

Wake turbulence

A

Turbulence formed in the wake of an aircraft caused by: wing tip vortices, rotor tip vortices, jet engine thrust stream or jet blast, rotor downwash, or prop wash.

54
Q

Wing tip vortices

A

Two counter-rotating cylindrical vortices caused by high pressure air under the wing trying to more to the lower air pressure on top of the wing when lift occurs.

55
Q

What can affect the strength of wing tip vortices?

A

Shape of the wings
Weight of the aircraft
Speed of the aircraft

56
Q

How long can vortices last?

A

For up to five minutes; the first two minutes show little dissipation.

57
Q

What precautions should an aircraft take when taking off after a heavier aircraft?

A

Plan to be airborne before the rotation point of the heavier aircraft.

58
Q

What precautions should an aircraft take when landing after a heavier aircraft?

A

Plan to touch down before the rotation point of the heavier aircraft.

59
Q

When is a wake turbulence cautionary issued by an FSS?

A

If an lighter aircraft is operating behind a heavier aircraft within THREE minutes of each other.

60
Q

Operating altitude: piston engine

A

ground-12,000ft

61
Q

Operating altitude: turboprop

A

13,000-25,000 ft

62
Q

Operating altitude: jet engine

A

25,000ft and up

63
Q

Cruising speed: piston engine

A

up to 250kt

64
Q

Cruising speed: turboprop

65
Q

crusing speed: turbojet

66
Q

Rate of climb: piston engine

A

500-1500 FPM

67
Q

Rate of climb: turboprop

A

1500-3000 FPM

68
Q

Rate of climb: turbojet

A

1500-6000 FPM

69
Q

Run up times for different engine types

A

Piston: very long
Turboprop: short
Turbojet: None

70
Q

Acceleration delays for different types of engines

A

Piston: None
Turboprop: Short delay
Turbojet: long delay

71
Q

Fuel consumption for different engine types

A

Piston: Very efficient
Turboprop: high fuel consumption below normal operating altitudes
Turbojet: excessive fuel consumed below normal operating altitudes

72
Q

Characteristics of a micro/ultra-light AC

A

AC with a maximum certified take of mass of 1000lbs (454kg) or less.

73
Q

Designator for ultra light balloons

74
Q

Designator for ultra light gliders

75
Q

Designator for ultra light airships

76
Q

Designator for ultra light AC

77
Q

Designator for ultra light helicopters

78
Q

Designator for ultra light gyrocopter

FSS1601 AK2 (10 decks)

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