AV02 Basic Aircraft Operations

Question 1

Newton’s Third Law of Motion

Answer 1

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Question 2

What are the four forces that act on an aircraft in flight?

Answer 2

Thrust, drag, lift and weight

Question 3

Centre of pressure

Answer 3

The point on the wing through which the lift acts.

Question 4

Which four factors can change the amount of lift?

Answer 4

• The shape and area of the airfoil
• the aircraft’s speed through the atmosphere
• air density
• the angle of attack

Question 5

Angle of attack

Answer 5

The angle that the chord of the wing makes with the relative wind.

Question 6

At what angle can you expect the wing to stall?

Answer 6

15-18 degrees

Question 7

Stall

Answer 7

When even airflow over the wing is disrupted and breaks away, destroying lift.

Question 8

What are the two types of drag?

Answer 8

Parasitic and induced

Question 9

Parasitic drag

Answer 9

Drag of all those parts of an aircraft that do not produce lift such as landing gear, fuselage, antennas, struts.

Question 10

What are the two components of parasitic drag?

Answer 10

Form drag:created by the form or shape of a body as it resists motion through the air
Skin friction:the tendency of the air flowing over a body to cling to its surface

Question 11

Induced drag

Answer 11

Caused by those parts of an airplane which are active in producing lift.

Question 12

Explain how wing tip vortices are caused

Answer 12

The air flowing over the wing flows in toward the fuselage and the air under the wing flows out away from the fuselage to an area of less pressure. The two air flows meet at the trailing edge resulting in eddies and vortices at the wing tips. Eddies from the left wing tip flow clockwise and from the right flow counter clockwise when viewed from behind.

Question 13

Longitudinal Axis

Answer 13

Extending from the nose to the tail of the aircraft. Motion around this axis is roll. (Produced by ailerons)

Question 14

Lateral Axis

Answer 14

Extending from wing tip to wing tip. Motion around this axis is pitch. (Produced by elevators)

Question 15

Vertical Axis

Answer 15

Passes through the centre of gravity. Motion around this axis is yaw. (Produced by the rudder)

Question 16

Trim tabs

Answer 16

Adjustable devices located on the trailing edge of the ailerons, elevators, and rudders to allow the pilot to maintain the desired attitude without applying constant pressure to the control column or pedals.

Question 17

Flaps

Answer 17

Control devices situated along the trailing edge of the wing to change the shape of the wing to increase lift.

Question 18

Speed brakes

Answer 18

Hinged doors, normally located at the rear of the fuselage, that extend to create drag and reduce speed.

Question 19

Slats/slots

Answer 19

Smooth the flow of air over the wing. Slots are built into the wing just behind the leading edge and slats are fitted into the leading edge of the wing.

Question 20

Spoilers

Answer 20

Devices fitted into the top of the wing to destroy airflow. Used to decrease airspeed or increase rate of descent.

Question 21

List the 7 factors that affect aircraft performance

Answer 21

• Wind
• Temperature
• AC load
• Speed limit
• Company limitations
• Pilot proficiency
• Runway conditions and gradient.

Question 22

State the four atmospheric ICAO standards

Answer 22

• Perfectly dry air
• MSL pressure of 29.92
• MSL temperature of 15 degrees Celsius
• Temperature lapse of 1.98 degrees Celsius/1000ft

Question 23

What are the effects on take off, landing, approach, and climbing with regards to temperature?

Answer 23

If the air is warmer, more runway is needed for take off and landing, approach is faster, and the rate of climb is less.

Question 24

What are the effects on take off, landing, approach, and climbing with regards to pressure?

Answer 24

If the pressure is lower, more runway is needed for take off and landing, approach is faster, and the rate of climb is less.

Question 25

What is the speed limit under 10,000ft ASL?

Answer 25

250knots

Question 26

What is the speed limit under 3000ft AGL within 10NM of a controlled aerodrome?

Answer 26

200knots

Question 27

What are the exceptions to airspeed limitations?

Answer 27

- The AC is being operated in accordance with a special flight operations certificate - The minimum safe airspeed for the AC is greater than said airspeed limitation

Question 28

What are the two methods used to slow airspeed and descend?

Answer 28

- Reduce power, maintain altitude so that the airspeed is reduced and the AC descends - Reduce power and push the nose down so that the airspeed is maintained and the AC descends

Question 29

When is maximum rate of climb usually achieved?

Answer 29

Within the first 500 feet of climb.

Question 30

IAS

Answer 30

Indicated Air Speed: The uncorrected speed of the AC read from the airspeed indicator.

Question 31

TAS

Answer 31

True Airspeed: calibrated airspeed corrected for error due to temperature and density.

Question 32

What are the five reasons that an AC may stall?

Answer 32

- Airspeed - Weight - Turbulent Air - Wind shears - Angle of bank

Question 33

Lift enhancing flaps

Answer 33

Increase wing camber and area so as to produce more lift. As a result, the stall speed is lowered.

Question 34

Drag inducing flaps

Answer 34

Also known as airbrakes, they greatly increase stall speed.

Question 35

Lift/drag flaps

Answer 35

Smaller AC use these to slow the AC but also generates sufficient extra lift.

Question 36

What are the two categories of flight instrument?

Answer 36

Pressure instruments and gyroscopic instruments

Question 37

List the four pressure instruments

Answer 37

- Airspeed indicator - Mach indicator - Vertical speed indicator - Altimeter

Question 38

Static pressure

Answer 38

The pressure of the surrounding air at flight altitude. Decreases with altitude.

Question 39

Dynamic pressure

Answer 39

The force exerted on the AC by the resistance of air to the ACs movement.

Question 40

List the three gyroscopic instruments

Answer 40

- Heading indicator - Attitude indicator - Turn and slip indicator

Question 41

ICAO Aircraft Type Designators

Answer 41

A manual containing designators for those types of AC that are most commonly provided with Air Traffic Services. Lists: manufacturers, designators, model numbers, common names, and turbulence categories.

Question 42

Conventional landing gear

Answer 42

Consists of two wheels forward of the aircraft's center of gravity and a third wheel at the tail. Also called a taildragger.

Question 43

Tricycle landing gear

Answer 43

Has three wheels: two main wheels and one nose wheel. The nose gear can be steered by the rudder pedals.

Question 44

Tandem landing gear

Answer 44

Also called bicycle landing gear, it is used for very large aircraft and consists of two sets of wheels located one behind the other on the fuselage.

Question 45

What will the designator for any aircraft not listed in the aircraft type designators be?

Answer 45

ZZZZ

Question 46

Will roman numerals be used in designators in the Aircraft type designators handbook?

Answer 46

No, they will be changed to Arabic numerals.

Question 47

What is the criteria for a Heavy aircraft?

Answer 47

Maximum certified take of weight of 300,000lbs (136,000kg) or more.

Question 48

What is the criteria for a Medium aircraft?

Answer 48

Maximum certified take off weight of less than 300,000lbs (136,000kg) and more than 15,500lbs (7000kg)

Question 49

What is the criteria for a Light aircraft?

Answer 49

Maximum certified take off weight of less than 15,500lbs (7000kg)

Question 50

List the six letters used to describe an aircraft type in the aircraft type designators handbook.

Answer 50

``` L-landplane S-seaplane A-amphibian H-helicopter G-gyrocopter T-tilt-wing aircraft ```

Question 51

What does the letter C mean with regards to number of engines?

Answer 51

C refers to, on a fixed wing aircraft, two engines that are coupled to drive a single propeller system.

Question 52

What are the four parts of the aircraft type designators handbook?

Answer 52

Part 1: Listed by the common names of the manufacturer followed by the aircraft types they produce. Part 2: Listed by the type designator Part 3: Listed by model number or model name Part 4: Listed by the common names of the manufacturer followed by their full names

Question 53

Wake turbulence

Answer 53

Turbulence formed in the wake of an aircraft caused by: wing tip vortices, rotor tip vortices, jet engine thrust stream or jet blast, rotor downwash, or prop wash.

Question 54

Wing tip vortices

Answer 54

Two counter-rotating cylindrical vortices caused by high pressure air under the wing trying to more to the lower air pressure on top of the wing when lift occurs.

Question 55

What can affect the strength of wing tip vortices?

Answer 55

Shape of the wings Weight of the aircraft Speed of the aircraft

Question 56

How long can vortices last?

Answer 56

For up to five minutes; the first two minutes show little dissipation.

Question 57

What precautions should an aircraft take when taking off after a heavier aircraft?

Answer 57

Plan to be airborne before the rotation point of the heavier aircraft.

Question 58

What precautions should an aircraft take when landing after a heavier aircraft?

Answer 58

Plan to touch down before the rotation point of the heavier aircraft.

Question 59

When is a wake turbulence cautionary issued by an FSS?

Answer 59

If an lighter aircraft is operating behind a heavier aircraft within THREE minutes of each other.

Question 60

Operating altitude: piston engine

Answer 60

ground-12,000ft

Question 61

Operating altitude: turboprop

Answer 61

13,000-25,000 ft

Question 62

Operating altitude: jet engine

Answer 62

25,000ft and up

Question 63

Cruising speed: piston engine

Answer 63

up to 250kt

Question 64

Cruising speed: turboprop

Answer 64

200-300kt

Question 65

crusing speed: turbojet

Answer 65

300-500kt

Question 66

Rate of climb: piston engine

Answer 66

500-1500 FPM

Question 67

Rate of climb: turboprop

Answer 67

1500-3000 FPM

Question 68

Rate of climb: turbojet

Answer 68

1500-6000 FPM

Question 69

Run up times for different engine types

Answer 69

Piston: very long Turboprop: short Turbojet: None

Question 70

Acceleration delays for different types of engines

Answer 70

Piston: None Turboprop: Short delay Turbojet: long delay

Question 71

Fuel consumption for different engine types

Answer 71

Piston: Very efficient Turboprop: high fuel consumption below normal operating altitudes Turbojet: excessive fuel consumed below normal operating altitudes

Question 72

Characteristics of a micro/ultra-light AC

Answer 72

AC with a maximum certified take of mass of 1000lbs (454kg) or less.

Question 73

Designator for ultra light balloons

Answer 73

BALL

Question 74

Designator for ultra light gliders

Answer 74

GLID

Question 75

Designator for ultra light airships

Answer 75

SHIP

Question 76

Designator for ultra light AC

Answer 76

ULAC

Question 77

Designator for ultra light helicopters

Answer 77

UHEL

Question 78

Designator for ultra light gyrocopter

Answer 78

GYRO