AUTOMATION IN HEMATOLOGY Flashcards
Automation started ..
Wallace H. Coulter (1913-1998)
Joseph R. Coulter, Jr (1924-1995)
• Used in order to count and size the different blood
One principle that hematology analyzers employ during the analysis of blood cells Automation in Hematology was developed
COULTER PRINCIPLE
Why do we employ analyzers in Hematology?
• Cell counting
• Diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies
• Immunophenotyping
• Diagnosis of Leukemias and Lymphomas
• Coagulation abnormalities
ADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATION
- Speed and efficient handling
- Greater Accuracy and Precision
- Multiple tests on single platform
- More efficient workload and management
- More timely diagnosis
DISADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATION
- Flagging
- RBC morphed limited
- Erroneous regulations
- Expensive
TYPES OF HEMATOLOGY ANALYZERS
- SEMI-AUTOMATED
- FULLY AUTOMATED
Measures only few parameters
Some steps like dilution is carried out manually
Semi-Automated
Measures multiple parameters
Requires only anticoagulated blood samples
Fully automated
BASIC COMPONENTS OF HEMATOLOGY ANALYZER
Hydraulics
Pnematics
Electrcals
Hydraulics
Mixing Chambers
Aperture baths/Flow cell
Hemoglobinometer
Aspirating unit
Dispensers
Diluters
→ where the sample is introduced
→ the sample will flow through and will be analyzed
Hydraulics
• Vacuums and pressure for operating valves and also to move the samples among the hydraulics
Pneumatics
• Analyzers and computing circuitry
Electricals
PRINCIPLES OF AUTOMATED BLOOD ANALYZERS
Electrical Impedance
Electrical impedance
Radio frequency
Optical light scatter
fluorescent flow cytometry
Detection and measurement of changes in electrical resistance produced by cells as they traverse a small aperture
Electrical Impedance
Makes use of the Coulter Principle
Where the sample IS suspended in_____
*solution is composed of electrically_____
• There is a flow of electric current within the solution
• 2 chambers filled with a conductive buffered electrolyte solutions separated by glass tube having a small aperture
• direct current is generated between the internal and external electrode
• Aperture for_____ is smaller than the____ aperture
Aperture bath
conductive diluent
RBC/platelet
WBC
- has the aperture where the cells pass through
→ detects/does the analysis of the blood cell that passes through here
Aperture tube
Sensing zone
• Our cells are____ conductors of electricity; they_____
• As the cell passes through the_____ in the aperture, it resists/impedes the electrical current and the resistance / electrical current creates a_____
poor; impede electrical current/ resist electrical current
sensing zone; voltage pulse
The voltage pulse is equivalent to the property of the cell
The height of the pulse is equivalent to the =
volume of the cell
The voltage pulses will be gathered by the
Oscilloscope
The pulses will be gathered and sorted out so they will be plotted into the…
histogram
X axis - volume of the cell
Y axis - number of the cell
Histogram
• The machine is set to identify a particular cell based on a_______
Example: The threshold discrimination for the platelets is between 2-30 fL; the machine is set to recognize particles as platelets when the particles under this range
treshold volume
Provides a sample stream surrounded by a sheath fluid as cells pass through the aperture
Allows the alignment of cells into a single-file passage through the sensing zone
Hydrodynamic Focusing