Audit (YouTube, news) Flashcards
Accrual accounting (accrual basis)
Kế toán dồn tích là nguyên tắc kế toán theo đó thu nhập và chi phí được kế toán ghi nhận khi chúng phát sinh và đủ điều kiện ghi nhận là thu nhập và chi phí mà không nhất thiết phải gắn với dòng tiền thu hoặc chi.
- Vd: hàng hóa được bán trong năm 2022 với tổng giá bán thực tế là 150 Mio., trong đó khách hàng trả ngay bằng tiền mặt 100 Mio., còn 50 Mio. sẽ trả vào năm 2023. Theo nguyên tắc kế toán dồn tích, kế toán ghi nhận doanh thu năm 2022 của lô hàng hóa đã bán là 150Mio.
kế toán dồn tích # kế toán tiền (cash basis)
https://vietnambiz.vn/ke-toan-don-tich-accrual-basis-la-gi-phan-biet-ke-toan-don-tich-va-ke-toan-tien-20190909160035606.htm
How to decide negative (-) positive (+) Cashflow in CF Statement
ask yourself: is it good or bad for cash?
1. Cash Flow from Operating Activities:
- Account receivable (AR): from 4Mio in 2019 to 7Mio in 2020-> bad for cash, cause you not collecting from customer but building up AR -> in Cashflow Statement AR is negative (-3Mio)
- Total current liability: 5Mio in 2019 to 8Mio in 2020 -> good for cash, cause you kind of taking your time to pay -> in Cashflow Statement Total current liability is 3Mio
- Inventory: 4Mio in 2019 to 3Mio 2020 -> good for cash, cause you actually selling inventory & receiving cash -> in Cashflow Statement Inventory is 1Mio
=> -3Mio+3Mio+1Mio = 1Mio
- Cash Flow from Investing Activities:
- Property, plant, and equipment (PP&E): 3Mio in 2019 to 3,5Mio in 2020 -> you bought more equipment , bad for cash -> in Cashflow Statement: PPE is -500Tds - Cash Flow from Financing Activities
- Long term debt: 8Mio in 2019 to 10Mio in 2020 -> company receive some cash, good for cash -> in Cashflow Statement: Long term debt is 2Mio
=> Net increase/decrease in cash = 1Mio-0,5+2Mio= 2,5Mio
What is needed for preparing Cashflow Statement?
- Comparative Balance Sheet
- Current Income Statement
- Additional Information about transactions. Exp: the company issued shares
Prepare the CF Operating Activities (using indirect method) -> 5 Steps:
- Income
- Plus non-cash expenses (depreciation, bad debt expenses, amortisation). These expenses reduce income without reducing cash, so you have add it back.
- Plus any losses (losses from the sale of assets, you sale them less than book value)
- Deduct any gains (gains from the sale of assets, you sale them more than book value)
- Analyse current liabilities & assets
Why we need to analyse current liabilities & assets for CF Operating Activities?
Cause we need Net Income to calculate CF. Net income involves in Sales & Costs:
- Some of Sales come from AR
- Some of Cost come from AP & Inventories
- Operating Expenses are part of Accrual Expenses (Accrual Liabilities)
How to analyse current liabilities & assets for CF Operating Activities?
Look at the Balance sheet:
Cash: don’t need to look at, cause that’s what we are trying to explain.
AR: increase during the year (from 0-> 1Mio). It means Some of Sales are on AR -> Not all Net Income is cash. -> must deduct “Increase in AR” -> (-1Mio) in CF Statement
° In case AR went down (from 2Mio -> 1,5Mio). It means I’m collecting more cash this year than I sale on account -> positive to the CF -> +0,5Mio
=> Current Assets went up -> consuming cash
=> Current Assets went down -> bringing cash
AP: increase during the year (from 0-> 1Mio). It means Some of Expenses are on AP, you buy goods and you haven’t pay for it -> must add “Increase in AP” -> (+1Mio) in CF Statement.
=> Current Liabilities went up -> using debt to finance your operations -> good for cash
=> Current Liabilities went down -> paying off your liabilities -> bad for cash
Retain Earning =?
= Net Income - paid dividend
(paid dividend is bad for cash -> negative in “CF from financing activities”)
Debitorensalden
Kreditorensalden
- die Summe aller Debitorensalden muss mit dem Saldo des Sachkontos „Forderungen aus Lieferungen und Leistungen” übereinstimmen.
- die Summe aller Kreditorensalden mit dem Saldo des Sachkontos „Verbindlichkeiten aus Lieferungen und Leistungen
What is simple/complex Capital Structure?
Capital Structure: is how you raise money
- Simple Capital Structure: only common stocks, no dilutive securities
- Complex Capital Structure: with dilutive securities
What is dilutive securities?
Convertible bonds, Convertible preferred, stock options, stock warrants..
What is ESP (earning per share)?
Exp: Simple Capital Structure
Net income (to common shareholders): 400.000
Total share: 1.000.000
EPS = (Net income - Preferred Dividend/Weighted average number of share) / Total share = 400.000/1.000.000 = 0.4 per share
If the company has complex Capital Structure -> their bond can convertible to stock. If they convert to stocks, they have more shares, total share will increase, EPS will go down.
How to calculate Weighted average number of share?
In a complex Capital Structure:
- Jan: beginning balance 100.000 shares
- March: issued 30.000 shares 130.000
- Jul: perchase 39.000 shares back 91.000
- Nov: issued 60.000 shares 151.000
- Dez: 2 for 1 stock spit 302.000 (double the number of shares)
Weighted average number of share = Sum of
- Jan-Mar: Share Outstanding =100.000 * Fraction of year (2/12) *2 = 33.333
- Mar-Jul: Share Outstanding =130.000 * Fraction of year (4/12) *2 = 86.666
- Jul-Nov: Share Outstanding = 91.000 * Fraction of year (4/12) *2 = 60.666
- Nov-Dez: Share Outstanding =151.000 * Fraction of year (2/12) *2 = 50.333
= 230.998
4 Types of Adjusting Entries
- Prepaid Adjustment
- Accrual Expense: increase Expense & increase Liabilitiy
- 4.
Generally, Adjusting Entries will not involve cash
Cash accounting vs Accrual accounting
Cash basis accounting: you record revenue and expenses when the cash is received/disbursed from the bank). It doesn’t matter when the transactions occur.
- for small business that don’t have outside investors
- No Account Receivable, Account Payable
=> not show a correct picture of business. Exp: it shows in one year only Expenses (Loss), and next year shows complete Revenue (as Profit) -> Mismatch.
Accrual accounting: you record revenue and expenses when the transactions occur, no matter whether money is received.
- for big company, IFRS/GAAP
=> Accrual accounting provide more fair presentation of the business
YouTube: Why Cash Accounting is MISLEADING!! Accrual vs. Cash Accounting Explained
Revenue Recognition
Deferred Revenue
Knowing how & when to recognise revenue
Exp: You run a wine store. Customer pay $600 for annual subscription. Every month you send them 3 bottles, you will only recognise $50 of revenue each month. Customer send you 600 doesn’t mean you earned 600. If customer cancel subscription, you have to pay them back the money => Deferred Revenue (unearned revenue, you defer recognition to the future. Deferred revenue will become revenue in the future. Deferred revenue will be first recorded as Liability)
Matching Principle
You should record the transaction from the Revenue & Expenses standpoint in the same period
If it was recored in one year only Expenses (Loss), and next year complete Revenue (as Profit) -> Mismatch.
What is important when you look at Account Receivable (Forderungen)?
- As an Auditor you need to send a letter to the customer to verify the balance in the balance sheet is correct
- If there is for Exp. a big customer who owes 20% of entire AR, you should know this information because there’s a big risk if this customer run out of the business & you can’t collect the cash
Historical Cost Principle (Inventories)
- You record items in the balance sheet at historical cost. - - For inventories you need to keep records over the historical cost. You keep invoices from vendors on files, so you can go back & verify the historical cost of this inventories.
What is Goodwill?
A company has
fair value of assets 100.000
fair value of liabilities 60.000
=> fair value of book value 40.000 (it means this company worth 40.000)
You buy this company for 75.000. So you pay extra 35.000, if you cannot allocate to any assets or liabilities, this will be Goodwill => Goodwill =35.000
What is Approach for Goodwill? How is it reported in consolidate income statement?
Approach for Goodwill:
- we don’t amortize or depreciate (no systematical reduction)
- we impair the Goodwill.
Goodwill impairment losses will be reported as operating items in consolidate income statement.
How to perform Goodwill Impairment Test?
- Goodwill Impairment Test are performed at the reporting unit level (CGU) within the combine entity.
- We do periodic Impairment Review or at least annually to check, is our reporting unit impaired.
What is Reporting Unit?
- CGU
- They have their own business
- Responsible of their assets & liabilities, has profits
- Report their earnings to top management for decision making
How to assign Goodwill to the Reporting Units?
- Sau khi hợp nhất kinh doanh (business combination), identifiable assets and liabilities are assigned to the firm’s reporting units based on where they will be employed.
- Any amount assigned to goodwill also is assigned to reporting units expected to benefit from the combination.
- Any individual reporting unit where goodwill resides is the appropriate level for goodwill impairment testing. (When we buy a company, we have reporting unit a, b, c, we gonna have Goodwill for a, Goodwill for b, Goodwill for c.)
How is Goodwill tested?
Goodwill is tested by comparing the book value of each reporting unit to the fair value
- The book value: in Balance Sheet.
- The fair value: either we use discounted cash flow, or we look at the market multiple to see how much would the market value this reporting unit today (we compare the reporting unit to other business that compares to us)
All goodwill impairment testing is performed at the reporting unit level, rather than collectively at the combined entity level.