Attribution

Question 1

What’s the Locus of causality

Answer 1

Is it in the control of the performer (internal) or out of their control (external)

Internal Attribute- Within the performers control- Effort
■ External Attribute- Outside of the performers control- the referee

Question 2

The stability dimension

Answer 2

Is it a permanent or changeable reason

Unstable Attribute- Can change in a short amount of time- Luck

Stable Attribute- Unlikely to change in a short amount of time- Quality of a team

Question 3

What are factors that affect attribution

Answer 3

Refs decision
Your ability
Luck
Coaching you have received
Playing a good team
The effort applied
The amount of practice that occured

Question 4

What is wieners attribution model

Answer 4

Ability, task difficulty, effort, luck

Internal attribution, external
Stable attribution, unstable

Question 5

Define attribution

Answer 5

Perceived reason/cause/blame for success/failure of performance

Question 6

What does effort mean

Answer 6

amount of practice/preparation given for performance by the performer

Question 7

What does task difficulty mean

Answer 7

standard of competition/opposition

Question 8

What does luck mean

Answer 8

factors beyond performer’s control) – poor weather/ windy weather blowing shots off target/poor refereeing decisions, eg disallowing a goal

Question 9

What’s self serving bias

Answer 9

Using external and/or unstable reasons for losing

Can be used to maintain motivation and task persistence

Question 10

What does a coach do when doing self serving Bias

Answer 10

When you win it’s because of you and when you lose it’s because of an external reason
■ A coach should-
■ Blame the ref or the weather as they are external and unstable

■ Praise effort and reward ability

■ To maintain motivation don’t attribute the loss to internal and stable attributes eg we just don’t have the ability

Promotes self esteem as players feel responsible for the positive result

Question 11

What is internal unstable

Answer 11

Effort, if used maintains motivation and confidence

Question 12

What is internal and stable

Answer 12

Ability if used reduces confidence and motivation, learned helplessness

Question 13

What’s external and unstable

Answer 13

Luck if used self serving bias, maintains motivation and confidence

Question 14

What’s external and stable

Answer 14

Task difficulty if used maintains confidence as we cant control it

Question 15

What is learned helplessness

Answer 15

Using internal stable reasons for losing - not good enough will never be

The performer perceives failure as inevitable

When doubt in ability affects the player and confidence is lowered

Lack of effort and Motivation

Task persistence drops as they believe failure/ giving up is the only option

Lack of effort

Exhibit avoidance behaviour

Question 16

What are the 2 types of helplessness

Answer 16

Global / General learned helplessness – general sporting situations

Specific/Situational learned helplessness – specific sporting situations,

Question 17

How to avoid learned helplessness

Answer 17

Develop self confidence/ efficacy/ esteem
■ Attribution retraining- attributing reasons for failure to effective things
■ Avoid social comparisons
■ Blame external causes- coaches, equipment, tactics etc
■ Goal setting
■ Set performance/ process/ task orientated goals rather than outcome goals
■ Mental rehearsal/ Visualisation/ Imagery
■ Positive feedback/ reinforcement/ peer support/ Verbal persuasion
■ Motivate
■ Allow success (especially early)
■ 1 to 1 attention
■ Vicarious experiences
■ Positive self talk/ thought stopping
■ Performance accomplishments- previous success
■ Ensure success/ gradually increase task difficulty

Question 18

What is the factors for self serving bias

Answer 18

Internal and stable reasons for winning

External unstable for losing

Question 19

What are the factors for learned helplessness

Answer 19

Internal and stable for losing

Question 20

What’s attribution retraining

Answer 20

■ Changing the reasons given for success and failure
■ Must change perceptions by using the Weiner box
■ Change in internal stable attribution to external unstable ones- Don’t blame player ability, blame luck
■ Promotes self esteem
■ Increase self confidence by removing learned helplessness
■ Set realistic/achievable process and/or performance goals
■ Raise self efficacy using Bandura’s model
■ Highlight previous successful performances
■ Give positive reinforcement and encouragement