Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder [ADHD]

Question 1

What is Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?

Answer 1

ADHD is characterized by persistent patterns of inattention or hyperactivity-impulsivity that impact functionality. Inattention involves difficulties with focus, unfinished tasks, and disorganization, while hyperactivity includes excessive motor activity and impulsivity. Symptoms typically onset in childhood and must be present before age 12.

Question 2

What are the three presentations of ADHD?

Answer 2

The presentations of ADHD are:

Combined presentation: Both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms are present.
Inattentive presentation: Predominantly inattentive symptoms without significant hyperactive-impulsive symptoms.
Hyperactive/Impulsive presentation: Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive symptoms without significant inattentive symptoms.

Question 3

How is ADHD assessed?

Answer 3

ADHD is assessed through a clinical interview, observation of behavior (in various settings), and specific diagnostic criteria. Rating scales such as CONNERS and SNAP-IV are commonly used, and collaboration with teachers provides additional behavioral insights.

Question 4

What are some differentials for ADHD?

Answer 4

Differential diagnoses for ADHD include Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Intermittent Explosive Disorder, Specific Learning Disorders (SLDs), Intellectual Disability (ID), and Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD).

Question 5

What are common treatments for ADHD?

Answer 5

Treatments for ADHD include:

Stimulant medications: Such as methylphenidate or amphetamines, which can significantly improve functionality.
Parental coaching and skills training: Educating parents on effective strategies for managing ADHD symptoms.
School accommodations: Such as extra time for tasks, specific seating arrangements, and clear, concise instructions tailored to the child’s needs.
Skills training: Focusing on improving organization, reducing impulsivity, and establishing consistent routines.