ATS 10 - End of the Roman Republic

Question 1

All those wars break the system:

What happens to all the booty?

Answer 1

A large share ends up in the pockets of the high ranking commanders Huge numbers of defeated people are enslaved and brought back to Italy

_{ATS 11aa}

Question 2

Who was

Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus

Answer 2

• Father: Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus “ Maior “ (censor in 169)
  • Served as tribune of the plebs in 187, praetor in 179, consul in 177, consul in 163
• Mother: Cornelia Africana (daughter of P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus
• Wife: Claudia Pulchra (daughter of Appius Claudius) (extremely powerful
• Born ca. 165
• Served in 3ʳᵈ Punic War and the Numantine War (with some distinction)
• Elected tribune of the plebs in 133

_{ATS 11ab}

Question 3

What was:

The Lex Sempronia Agraria

Answer 3

• Proposed by Ti . Gracchus in 133 (using his powers as Tribune plebis)
• Reform of public land holding ( ager publicus)
• Anyone holding public land above the 500 iugera limit to have land returned to the state, with compensation for the loss
• Additional allotments of 250 iugera per son
• All other land returned to ager publicus to be divided out for landless veterans in 30 iugera allotments
• Favoring landless poor over slaves also protects Roman military manpower

_{ATS 11ac}

Question 4

What happens to Lex Sempronia?

Answer 4

133 BCE

• Tiberius Gracchus uses veto to shut down government until Lex Sempronia passes
• Senate refuses to fund it
• Death of Attalus III gives Rome the entire kingdom of Pergamon (and its wealth)
• Tiberius Gracchus seizes money to fund scheme
• Political meeting gets out of control:
  • “Murderous senate” vs. “would be king”

_{ATS 11ad}

Question 5

What happened to Gaius Gracchus?

Answer 5

122 BCE: Gaius Gracchus elected tribute, attempts to continue reforms

• Senatus consultum ultimum passed (“Let the consuls see to it that the state should not suffer any harm”) against Gracchus
• Battles in the streets
• Gracchus commits suicide
• 3000 of his followers executed without trial
• Attempts to reform land owning or rights for non Roman Italians blocks for decades

_{ATS 11ae}

Question 6

What are Levels of Romanitas?

Answer 6

• Roman citizen (Romani)
• Latin citizen (Latini)
• Italian citizen (Socii)
• Roman subject (i.e., “rest of empire”) ( Provinciales)
  • Some individuals from other provinces can be given Roman citizenship

_{ATS 11af}

Question 7

What are the rights of Roman citizenship?

7 points.

Answer 7

• Has access to Roman courts and can make legal contracts
• Marriage is recognized by Roman laws (and can pass on Roman citizenship)
• Can stand for public office
• Can own land
• Cannot be whipped, etc.
• Cannot be executed unless convicted of treason in Roman court
• Can move to another Latin city and receive citizenship in that city after establishing residence

_{ATS 11ag}

Question 8

What are the rights of Latin citizenship?

6 points.

Answer 8

• Has access to Roman courts and can make legal contracts
• Can stand for public office
• Can own land
• Cannot be whipped, etc.
• Cannot be executed unless convicted of treason in Roman court
• Can move to another Latin city and receive citizenship in that city after establishing residence

Marriage was not recognized by Roman laws

Could not pass on Roman citizenship

_{ATS 11ah}

Question 9

What are the rights of Socius (citizen of allied)?

Answer 9

None of the rights of a Roman citizen

To operate in Roman law, you needed a patron/sponsor

_{ATS 11ai}

Question 10

What were The good and the bad of the socius lifestyle?

4 points.

Answer 10

Pros:

• With Roman hegemony, intra Italian violence is at a minimum
• Protected from external threats

Cons:

• Providing 50% or more of Roman military manpower without any say in foreign or military policy
• Hassled by tax farmers

_{ATS 11aj}

Question 11

What is Italia (Viteliu)?

5 points.

Answer 11

• Capital: Italica (nee Corfinium)
• (unofficial) Language: Oscan
• Symbol: Italian bull, not Roman wolf
• Senate established at Italica , leader appointed to manage crisis
• Major regions: Marsians , Samnites Safinim

_{ATS 11ak}

Question 12

Rome’s slide into dictatorship

Sulla marches on Rome

Answer 12

88 BCE

_{ATS 11al}

Question 13

Rome’s slide into dictatorship

Catiline’s coup attempt

Answer 13

63 BCE

_{ATS 11am}

Question 14

Rome’s slide into dictatorship

Marius returns

Answer 14

87 BCE

_{ATS 11an}

Question 15

Rome’s slide into dictatorship

Sulla’s second march on Rome

Answer 15

83 BCE

_{ATS 11ao}

Question 16

Rome’s slide into dictatorship

Caesar crosses the Rubicon

Answer 16

49 BCE

_{ATS 11ap}

Question 17

Rome’s slide into dictatorship

First Triumvirate

Answer 17

60/59 BCE

_{ATS 11aq}

Question 18

Rome’s slide into dictatorship

Pompey refuses to disband his army, extorts command in Spain

Answer 18

78 BCE

_{ATS 11ar}

Question 19

Whate were the major commands in the late, late republic?

5 points.

Answer 19

• 82-81: Pompey secures Sicily and North Africa from Marius’ supporters
• 76-71: Pompey puts down revolt in Spain
• 71: Crassus and Pompey crush Spartacus and Co.
• 67: Pompey given extraordinary command (“anywhere within 50 miles of the Mediterranean”) to put down piracy
• 67-65: Pompey given command of Third Mithridatic War, destroys Kingdom of Pontus

_{ATS 11as}

Question 20

Factions

Who were the Optimates?

2 points.

Answer 20

• Supported dominant role of Senate (and therefore “conservative”)
• Generally represented entrenched economic upper class

_{ATS 11at}

Question 21

Who were the Populares?

3 points.

Answer 21

• Sought to increase power through strengthening the tribunate of the plebs and the popular assemblies
• Attempted to dilute the existing system by general Italian suffrage
• Generally supported attempts for agrarian reform, state intervention in the grain market, and increased protections for the landless (and generally, urban) poor

_{ATS 11au}

Question 22

Who was the First Triumvirate?

3 points

Answer 22

• Crassus: the money
• Pompey: the military
• Caesar: the people, the peacemaker, and the consulship

_{ATS 11av}

Question 23

What troops did Rome have at Cannae?

3 points.

Answer 23

• Consular army under Varro and Paullus
• 88,000 heavy infantry and allied auxiliaries
• The largest army Rome had ever assembled

_{ATS 11aw}

Question 24

What troops did Carthage have at Cannae?

4 points.

Answer 24

• Trans-alpine army under Hannibal
• Reinforced with
  • Carthaginian troops
  • Gallic allies
  • Italian forces allied to Carthage.
• Around 50,000 troops, 60% of which were heavy.
• Only some troops armed equivalent to the Romans.

_{ATS 11ax}

Question 25

**What were the restrictions on Carthage at the End of Second Punic War (201)** ## Footnote 4 points.

Answer 25

* Carthage pays Rome 10,000 talents over 50 years * Carthaginian fleet is limited to 10 triremes * Carthage recognizes Numidia's independence and alliance to Rome * Carthage cannot wage war inside or outside Africa without Rome's permission ## Footnote _{ATS 11ay}

Question 26

What year did: ## Footnote **2ⁿᵈ Punic War end?**

Answer 26

201 BC ## Footnote Rome becomes dominant in Spain and parts of North Africa _{ATS 11az}

Question 27

When was ## Footnote **2ⁿᵈ Macedonian War**

Answer 27

200-196 ## Footnote Rome becomes protector/patron of Greek cities, receives massive indemnities _{ATS 11ba}

Question 28

When was ## Footnote **Syrian War**

Answer 28

192-188 ## Footnote Rome receives massive indemnities, Roman allies acquire much of Asia Minor, and Aetolian League falls completely under Roman control _{ATS 11bb}

Question 29

When was ## Footnote **3ʳᵈ Macedonian War**

Answer 29

172-168 ## Footnote Macedonian defeated, Romen seizes rest of Greece as provinciae _{ATS 11bc}

Question 30

When was ## Footnote **3ʳᵈ Punic War; Achaean War**

Answer 30

146 ## Footnote Carthage destroyed, population enslaved; Corinth destroyed, population enslaved _{ATS 11bd}

Question 31

When was ## Footnote **Pergamon given to Rome?**

Answer 31

133 ## Footnote Much of Asia Minor passes into Roman control _{ATS 11be}

Question 32

Describe **Latin colonies** 4 points.

Answer 32

* Settlements organized as military strongholds * New settlers drawn from Rome and allies, especially military veterans * Veterans given substantial amounts of land (50 100 iugera = 12 20 hectares) * Citizens give up citizenship in previous home (e.g., Rome) but retain "Latin rights" ## Footnote _{ATS 11bf}

Question 33

All those wars break the system: ## Footnote **Who can fight?**

Answer 33

Farmers (they own land) ## Footnote _{ATS 11bg}

Question 34

All those wars break the system: ## Footnote **What happens when they're gone?**

Answer 34

Families were left to farm often for years, with the main farmer away/dead ## Footnote _{ATS 11bh}

Question 35

All those wars break the system: ## Footnote **What happens when they come back?**

Answer 35

Farms go bankrupt, and rich land barons can buy them up on the cheap ## Footnote _{ATS 11bi}

Question 36

All those wars break the system: ## Footnote **Who commands the armies?**

Answer 36

Most command positions are held by members of the rich and powerful families ## Footnote _{ATS 11bj}