ATS 10 - End of the Roman Republic Flashcards
All those wars break the system:
What happens to all the booty?
A large share ends up in the pockets of the high ranking commanders Huge numbers of defeated people are enslaved and brought back to Italy
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Who was
Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus
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Father: Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus “ Maior “ (censor in 169)
- Served as tribune of the plebs in 187, praetor in 179, consul in 177, consul in 163
- Mother: Cornelia Africana (daughter of P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus
- Wife: Claudia Pulchra (daughter of Appius Claudius) (extremely powerful
- Born ca. 165
- Served in 3ʳᵈ Punic War and the Numantine War (with some distinction)
- Elected tribune of the plebs in 133
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What was:
The Lex Sempronia Agraria
- Proposed by Ti . Gracchus in 133 (using his powers as Tribune plebis)
- Reform of public land holding ( ager publicus)
- Anyone holding public land above the 500 iugera limit to have land returned to the state, with compensation for the loss
- Additional allotments of 250 iugera per son
- All other land returned to ager publicus to be divided out for landless veterans in 30 iugera allotments
- Favoring landless poor over slaves also protects Roman military manpower
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What happens to Lex Sempronia?
133 BCE
- Tiberius Gracchus uses veto to shut down government until Lex Sempronia passes
- Senate refuses to fund it
- Death of Attalus III gives Rome the entire kingdom of Pergamon (and its wealth)
- Tiberius Gracchus seizes money to fund scheme
- Political meeting gets out of control:
- “Murderous senate” vs. “would be king”
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What happened to Gaius Gracchus?
122 BCE: Gaius Gracchus elected tribute, attempts to continue reforms
- Senatus consultum ultimum passed (“Let the consuls see to it that the state should not suffer any harm”) against Gracchus
- Battles in the streets
- Gracchus commits suicide
- 3000 of his followers executed without trial
- Attempts to reform land owning or rights for non Roman Italians blocks for decades
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What are Levels of Romanitas?
- Roman citizen (Romani)
- Latin citizen (Latini)
- Italian citizen (Socii)
- Roman subject (i.e., “rest of empire”) ( Provinciales)
- Some individuals from other provinces can be given Roman citizenship
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What are the rights of Roman citizenship?
7 points.
- Has access to Roman courts and can make legal contracts
- Marriage is recognized by Roman laws (and can pass on Roman citizenship)
- Can stand for public office
- Can own land
- Cannot be whipped, etc.
- Cannot be executed unless convicted of treason in Roman court
- Can move to another Latin city and receive citizenship in that city after establishing residence
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What are the rights of Latin citizenship?
6 points.
- Has access to Roman courts and can make legal contracts
- Can stand for public office
- Can own land
- Cannot be whipped, etc.
- Cannot be executed unless convicted of treason in Roman court
- Can move to another Latin city and receive citizenship in that city after establishing residence
Marriage was not recognized by Roman laws
Could not pass on Roman citizenship
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What are the rights of Socius (citizen of allied)?
None of the rights of a Roman citizen
To operate in Roman law, you needed a patron/sponsor
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What were The good and the bad of the socius lifestyle?
4 points.
Pros:
- With Roman hegemony, intra Italian violence is at a minimum
- Protected from external threats
Cons:
- Providing 50% or more of Roman military manpower without any say in foreign or military policy
- Hassled by tax farmers
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What is Italia (Viteliu)?
5 points.
- Capital: Italica (nee Corfinium)
- (unofficial) Language: Oscan
- Symbol: Italian bull, not Roman wolf
- Senate established at Italica , leader appointed to manage crisis
- Major regions: Marsians , Samnites Safinim
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Rome’s slide into dictatorship
Sulla marches on Rome
88 BCE
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Rome’s slide into dictatorship
Catiline’s coup attempt
63 BCE
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Rome’s slide into dictatorship
Marius returns
87 BCE
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Rome’s slide into dictatorship
Sulla’s second march on Rome
83 BCE
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Rome’s slide into dictatorship
Caesar crosses the Rubicon
49 BCE
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Rome’s slide into dictatorship
First Triumvirate
60/59 BCE
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Rome’s slide into dictatorship
Pompey refuses to disband his army, extorts command in Spain
78 BCE
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Whate were the major commands in the late, late republic?
5 points.
- 82-81: Pompey secures Sicily and North Africa from Marius’ supporters
- 76-71: Pompey puts down revolt in Spain
- 71: Crassus and Pompey crush Spartacus and Co.
- 67: Pompey given extraordinary command (“anywhere within 50 miles of the Mediterranean”) to put down piracy
- 67-65: Pompey given command of Third Mithridatic War, destroys Kingdom of Pontus
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Factions
Who were the Optimates?
2 points.
- Supported dominant role of Senate (and therefore “conservative”)
- Generally represented entrenched economic upper class
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Who were the Populares?
3 points.
- Sought to increase power through strengthening the tribunate of the plebs and the popular assemblies
- Attempted to dilute the existing system by general Italian suffrage
- Generally supported attempts for agrarian reform, state intervention in the grain market, and increased protections for the landless (and generally, urban) poor
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Who was the First Triumvirate?
3 points
- Crassus: the money
- Pompey: the military
- Caesar: the people, the peacemaker, and the consulship
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What troops did Rome have at Cannae?
3 points.
- Consular army under Varro and Paullus
- 88,000 heavy infantry and allied auxiliaries
- The largest army Rome had ever assembled
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What troops did Carthage have at Cannae?
4 points.
- Trans-alpine army under Hannibal
- Reinforced with
- Carthaginian troops
- Gallic allies
- Italian forces allied to Carthage.
- Around 50,000 troops, 60% of which were heavy.
- Only some troops armed equivalent to the Romans.
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What were the restrictions on Carthage at the End of Second Punic War (201)
4 points.
- Carthage pays Rome 10,000 talents over 50 years
- Carthaginian fleet is limited to 10 triremes
- Carthage recognizes Numidia’s independence and alliance to Rome
- Carthage cannot wage war inside or outside Africa without Rome’s permission
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What year did:
2ⁿᵈ Punic War end?
201 BC
Rome becomes dominant in Spain and parts of North Africa
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When was
2ⁿᵈ Macedonian War
200-196
Rome becomes protector/patron of Greek cities, receives massive indemnities
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When was
Syrian War
192-188
Rome receives massive indemnities, Roman allies acquire much of Asia Minor, and Aetolian
League falls completely under Roman control
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When was
3ʳᵈ Macedonian War
172-168
Macedonian defeated, Romen seizes rest of Greece as provinciae
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When was
3ʳᵈ Punic War; Achaean War
146
Carthage destroyed, population enslaved; Corinth destroyed, population enslaved
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When was
Pergamon given to Rome?
133
Much of Asia Minor passes into Roman control
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Describe
Latin colonies
4 points.
- Settlements organized as military strongholds
- New settlers drawn from Rome and allies, especially military veterans
- Veterans given substantial amounts of land (50 100 iugera = 12 20 hectares)
- Citizens give up citizenship in previous home (e.g., Rome) but retain “Latin rights”
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All those wars break the system:
Who can fight?
Farmers (they own land)
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All those wars break the system:
What happens when they’re gone?
Families were left to farm often for years, with the main farmer away/dead
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All those wars break the system:
What happens when they come back?
Farms go bankrupt, and rich land barons can buy them up on the cheap
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All those wars break the system:
Who commands the armies?
Most command positions are held by members of the rich and powerful families
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