Atomic Structure

Question 1

atomic model 1: dalton

Answer 1

tiny indivisible spheres

Question 2

atomic model 2: plum pudding

Answer 2

Thomson

positive charge ball

electrons embedded

Question 3

atomic model 3: nuclear model

Answer 3

Rutherford

cloud of electrons orbit

positive charge in centre

Question 4

atomic model 4: bohr

Answer 4

electrons orbit in shells

Question 5

left block

Answer 5

s

Question 6

middle block

Answer 6

d

Question 7

right block

Answer 7

p

Question 8

mass spec steps

Answer 8

ionisation

acceleration - constant KE

ion drift

ion detection

data analysis

Question 9

mass spec uses

Answer 9

relative isotopic mass

relative abundance

identify elements

Question 10

relative isotopic mass

Answer 10

mass of atom compared to 1/12 mass of C-12

Average mass of 1 atom (of an element) 1/12 mass atom of 12C

Question 11

ionisation: electrospray

Answer 11

dissolved or put in/added to a solvent

(injected through) a needle or nozzle or capillary and at high voltage/4000 volts or high potential

Gains a proton / H+

P + H+ -> PH+

Question 12

ionisation: electron impact

Answer 12

vaporise sample

fire high energy electrons from electron gun

knocks off 1 electron

forms +1 ion

Question 13

acceleration

Answer 13

ions accelerated towards negative plate

constant KE

velocity depends on mass

Question 14

ion drift

Answer 14

ions pass through hole in -ve plate

form beam

travel along flight tube to detector

Question 15

ion detection

Answer 15

signal from detector passes to computer which generates mass spectrum

spectrometer measures time for ions to cover distance

heavier take longer

hit detector, current generated. more current = more ions. use mass to charge ratio to produce m/z graph

Question 16

max no. of shells

Answer 16

2n^2

Question 17

atomic orbital

Answer 17

region around nucleus that can hold up to 2 electrons with opposite spins (up or down)

show 95% probability of where electron exists

Question 18

electron

Answer 18

cloud of negative charge

Question 19

s orbital

Answer 19

1

sphere

Question 20

p orbital

Answer 20

3 dumb bell

Question 21

d orbital

Answer 21

5

Question 22

f orbital

Answer 22

7

Question 23

move away from nucleus

Answer 23

energy of sub shells increases

Question 24

energy of 4s

Answer 24

4senergy>3d (electrons lost from 4s first)

4s filled first

4s written after 3d

Question 25

s block

Answer 25

group 1 and 2

Question 26

p block

Answer 26

group 3-8

Question 27

d block

Answer 27

transition metals

Question 28

f block

Answer 28

bottom

Question 29

first IE

Answer 29

energy needed to remove 1 mol of electrons from 1 mol of atoms in their gaseous state to form 1 mol of +1 ions in a gaseous state

Question 30

first IE equation

Answer 30

X(g) -> X+(g) + e-

Question 31

factors affecting IE

Answer 31

atomic radius

nucleus’ charge

shielding

Question 32

first IE down group

Answer 32

decreases

increased atomic radius

increases shielding

nuclear charge is offset by other factors

Question 33

first IE across period

Answer 33

generally increases

increased nuclear charge

decreased atomic radius

shielding is similar

Question 34

Mg and Al 1IE

Answer 34

Al: outer is in 3p (higher energy than 3s)

Al<1IE

Question 35

P and S 1IE

Answer 35

P: 3P 3

S: 3P 4, so 2 in 1 orbital - repel

S<1IE<p></p>

Question 36

detecting molecular ions in mass spec

Answer 36

molecular ion formed in mass spec when 1 electron is removed from molecule

mass/charge ratio of molecular ion peak gives relative mass

Question 37

mr of covalent substance from mass spectrum

Answer 37

highest m/z value

Question 38

why isotopes have identical chemical properties

Answer 38

same electronic configuration

chemical properties depend on elecrtons

Question 39

why is periodic table Ar different

Answer 39

The Ar in the Periodic table takes account of the other isotopes /different amounts of isotopes

Question 40

why may there sometimes be a very small peak at a certain charge

Answer 40

2 electrons knocked off

Question 41

changing mass spec to change ion path

Answer 41

Electromagnet/electric field/magnet/accelerating potential or voltage/electric current

Question 42

which ions are deflected the most

Answer 42

lightest

Question 43

why is a sample ionised

Answer 43

To accelerate/ make go faster; To deflect/ to bend the beam;