alcohols

Question 1

functional group

Answer 1

OH

Question 2

general formula

Answer 2

Cn H2n+1 OH

Question 3

naming

Answer 3

ol

or prefix hydroxy

Question 4

H-C-H
C-C-O
angles

Answer 4

109.5

tetrahderal

Question 5

H-O-C

angles

Answer 5

104.5

bent

Question 6

why cant smaller alcohols dissolve in water

Answer 6

form hydrogen bonds with water

Question 7

hydration catalyst

Answer 7

acid catalyst eg. phosphoric acid

hydrate alkenes

Question 8

hydration conditions

Answer 8

aqueous

300 degrees

high pressure- expensive

Question 9

hydration yield

Answer 9

high

only ethanol produced

purer

Question 10

hydration speed and cost

Answer 10

faster

continuous process, so cheaper

expensive equipment

Question 11

hydration- ethene

Answer 11

non renewable

Question 12

fermentation

Answer 12

enzymes

starch -> sugars (to be fermented)

yeast produces enzyme to convert sugars to ethanol and CO2

Question 13

fermentation conditions

Answer 13

lower temp- cheaper

in batches- slower

anaerobic

30-40 degrees

Question 14

fermentation equation

Answer 14

C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH + CO2

Question 15

fermentation product

Answer 15

Aqueous ethanol

Question 16

fermentation cost

Answer 16

sugar is renewable

cheap equipment

slow, high production cost

must be purified in fractional distillation

depletes land for crops

Question 17

biofuel

Answer 17

ethanol from fermentation can be used as biofuel

fuel from recently deceased matter

renewable

Question 18

biofuel- CO2

Answer 18

biofuel produces CO2 when burnt, but plants absorb this while growing- carbon neutral

Question 19

oxidation of primary alcohols

Answer 19

oxidising agent: acidified potassium dichromate , K2Cr2O7

orange to green
dichromate ion to chromium ion

oxidised to aldehydes

aldehydes further oxidised to carboxylic acids

Question 20

oxidation of primary alcohols equations

Answer 20

ethanol + [O] -> ethanal + H2O

ethanal + [O] -> ethanoic acid + H2O

Question 21

oxidisation of secondary alcohols

Answer 21

oxidised to ketones

reflux

acidified potassium dichromate

ketones do not oxidise easily

orange to green

Question 22

oxidisation of secondary alcohols equation

Answer 22

alcohol + [O] -> ketone + H2O

Question 23

oxidation of tertiary alcohols

Answer 23

do not undergo oxidation

no hydrogen atom bonded to carbon with OH group

Question 24

elimination

Answer 24

alkenes reformed from alcohols by acid catalysed elimination reactions

alkenes used to produce addition polymers

dehydration of alcohols

Question 25

elimination reagent

Answer 25

conc sulfuric or phosphoric acid

Question 26

elimination conditions

Answer 26

reflux

over aluminium oxide catalyst

Question 27

elimination mechanism

Answer 27

: from O to H+

C->O bond to O+

to carbocation

to alkene + H2O