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Chemistry > alcohols > Flashcards

alcohols Flashcards

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1
Q

functional group

A

OH

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2
Q

general formula

A

Cn H2n+1 OH

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3
Q

naming

A

ol

or prefix hydroxy

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4
Q

H-C-H
C-C-O
angles

A

109.5

tetrahderal

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5
Q

H-O-C

angles

A

104.5

bent

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6
Q

why cant smaller alcohols dissolve in water

A

form hydrogen bonds with water

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7
Q

hydration catalyst

A

acid catalyst eg. phosphoric acid

hydrate alkenes

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8
Q

hydration conditions

A

aqueous

300 degrees

high pressure- expensive

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9
Q

hydration yield

A

high

only ethanol produced

purer

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10
Q

hydration speed and cost

A

faster

continuous process, so cheaper

expensive equipment

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11
Q

hydration- ethene

A

non renewable

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12
Q

fermentation

A

enzymes

starch -> sugars (to be fermented)

yeast produces enzyme to convert sugars to ethanol and CO2

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13
Q

fermentation conditions

A

lower temp- cheaper

in batches- slower

anaerobic

30-40 degrees

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14
Q

fermentation equation

A

C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH + CO2

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15
Q

fermentation product

A

Aqueous ethanol

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16
Q

fermentation cost

A

sugar is renewable

cheap equipment

slow, high production cost

must be purified in fractional distillation

depletes land for crops

17
Q

biofuel

A

ethanol from fermentation can be used as biofuel

fuel from recently deceased matter

renewable

18
Q

biofuel- CO2

A

biofuel produces CO2 when burnt, but plants absorb this while growing- carbon neutral

19
Q

oxidation of primary alcohols

A

oxidising agent: acidified potassium dichromate , K2Cr2O7

orange to green
dichromate ion to chromium ion

oxidised to aldehydes

aldehydes further oxidised to carboxylic acids

20
Q

oxidation of primary alcohols equations

A

ethanol + [O] -> ethanal + H2O

ethanal + [O] -> ethanoic acid + H2O

21
Q

oxidisation of secondary alcohols

A

oxidised to ketones

reflux

acidified potassium dichromate

ketones do not oxidise easily

orange to green

22
Q

oxidisation of secondary alcohols equation

A

alcohol + [O] -> ketone + H2O

23
Q

oxidation of tertiary alcohols

A

do not undergo oxidation

no hydrogen atom bonded to carbon with OH group

24
Q

elimination

A

alkenes reformed from alcohols by acid catalysed elimination reactions

alkenes used to produce addition polymers

dehydration of alcohols

25
Q

elimination reagent

A

conc sulfuric or phosphoric acid

26
Q

elimination conditions

A

reflux

over aluminium oxide catalyst

27
Q

elimination mechanism

A

: from O to H+

C->O bond to O+

to carbocation

to alkene + H2O

Chemistry (33 decks)

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