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UK APS > ATM > Flashcards

ATM Flashcards

1
Q

Define a holding procedure

A

A predetermined manoeuvre which keeps a/c within a specified airspace awaiting further clearance

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2
Q

What direction of turn is the standard holding pattern?

A

Right hand

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3
Q

Define a holding fix

A

A geographical location that serves as a reference for a holding procedure

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4
Q

Define a holding axis

A

The required inbound track to the holding fix. If this is defined by VOR radials, then the axis must lie on one of the radials although it may be orientated towards or away from the relevant VOR

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5
Q

What are the standard rates of turn in the hold?

A

Rate 1 (3 degrees a sec) or with 25 degrees of bank angle, whichever requires least angle of bank.

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6
Q

What are the hilding speeds for a/c up to an including 14000ft?

A

Normal;

CAT A & B- 170kt
CAT C, D & E- 230kt

Turbulent

CAT A & B- 170kt
CAT C, D & E- 280kt

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7
Q

What are the holding speeds for a/c above 14000ft up to and including 20000ft?

A

Normal- 240kt

Turbulent- 280kt or M0.80

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8
Q

What are the holding speeds above 20000ft up to and including 34000ft

A

Normal- 265kt

Turbulent- 280kt or M0.80

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9
Q

What is the normal length of the outbound leg for a hold?

A

1 min, 1 and 1/2 above 14000ft

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10
Q

What factors can affect the hold?

A

Wind
Climbing and descent
Performance rates of a/c
Type of Nav Aid being used (accuracy)
Holding in stacks
Holding for weather
Holding for safety reasons

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11
Q

Describe the standard holding procedure

A
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12
Q

Describe the Parallel Entry to the hold

A
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13
Q

Describe the Offset Entry procedure

A
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14
Q

Describe the Direct Entry Procedure

A
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15
Q

When is an a/c considered separated from the hold when non-radar?

A

When vertically separated from other a/c or 5 minutes flying time from the holding area

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16
Q

What is the lowest level available at EVN?

A

3000ft

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17
Q

What is the lowest level available at WVN?

A

3000ft

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18
Q

What is the lowest level available at TAM?

A

3000ft

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19
Q

What is the lowest level available at TYN?

A

FL50ft

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20
Q

What is the lowest level available at BRN?

A

FL60

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21
Q

Define an EAT

A

Expected Approach Time

The time at which ATC expects that an arriving a/c, following a delay, will leave the holding fix to complete is approach for landing

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22
Q

When do we issue EATs (ICAO)?

A

When the a/c is subject to a delay of 10 minutes or more, or such period as has been determined with the appropriate authority

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23
Q

When do we issue revised EATs (ICAO)?

A

Whenever the delay differs from that previously transmitted by 5 minutes or more, or such time as has been determined by the appropriate ATS authority.

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24
Q

Define identification

A

The situation which exists when the position indication of a particular a/c is seen on a situation display and is positively identified

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25
Q

What are the methods of PSR identification?

A

Turn method

Departing a/c method

Position report method

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26
Q

What methods of identification can be used when using PSR?

A

The turn method, Departing aircraft method and position report method.

27
Q

How do you identify aircraft using the turn method?

A

An aircraft may be identified by ascertaining its heading and, following a period of track observation, correlating the observed movement of a particular Position Indication with:

  • the acknowledged execution of an instruction to alter heading by at least 30°;
  • one or more changes of heading of at least 30°‚ as instructed by another controller;
  • one or more changes of heading of at least 30° reported by the pilot.

A turn for identification does not constitute the provision of a surveillance service. However, controllers should take into consideration, terrain, other surveillance returns, PSR coverage and the RoA before instructing an aircraft to alter heading.

In using the turn method the controller shall:

(1) verify that the movements of not more than one Position Indication correspond with those of the aircraft;
(2) exercise caution particularly when employing this method in areas where changes of aircraft heading are commonly made as a navigational routine.

28
Q

How do you identify aircraft using the departing aircraft method?

A

By observing and correlating the Position Indication of a departing aircraft to a known airborne time. Identification is to be achieved within one mile of the end of the runway unless otherwise authorised by the CAA.

Particular care should be taken to avoid confusion with aircraft overflying the aerodrome, making a missed approach, departing from an adjacent runway or holding overhead the aerodrome.

29
Q

How do you identify aircraft using the position report method?

A

By correlating a particular Position Indication with a report from the pilot that the aircraft is:

(1) over an exact reporting point which is displayed on the situation display; or
(2) at a particular distance not exceeding 30 miles on a particular radial from a co- located VOR/DME or TACAN (DME). The source facility must be displayed on the situation display; or
(3) over a notified visual reference point or prominent geographical feature, in either case approved for the purpose and displayed on the situation display, provided that

(the flight is operating with visual reference to the surface and at a height of 3000 ft or less above the surface.) UK

The identification must follow a period of track observation sufficient to enable the controller to compare the movement of the Position Indication with the pilot’s reported route. The reported position and level of the aircraft must indicate that it is within known PSR cover.

This method must be reinforced by an alternative method if there is any doubt about the identification because of:

(1) the close proximity of other returns; or
(2) inaccurate reporting from aircraft at high level or some distance from navigational facilities.

30
Q

How can transfer of identification be effected?

A

Designation by automated means, provided that only one position indication is indicated with no possible doubt

Notification of the aircrafts discrete SSR code or aircraft address

Notification that the a/c is Mode S / ADS-B equipped with an ident feature when coverage is available

Direct designation (pointing) of the Position Indication where two situation displays are adjacent or a conference type of display is used.

Designation by reference to bearing and distance from a geographical position or nav facility, together with the track of the observed position indication if the route of the a/c is not known to both ATCO’s
Not more than 30nm from the VOR/DME facility

Instructing an aircraft to change SSR code by the and accepting controller observes this

Issuing an instruction to squawk IDENT and accepting controller observes this

31
Q

When shall an a/c be informed of their position?

A

Upon identification, except when identification is established:
Based on pilots report of aircraft position or within 1nm of the runway on departure
By use of ADS-B/Mode S ident or assigned discrete SSR code
By transfer of identification

When pilot requests this information

When pilots estimated position differs significantly from controllers estimate based on observed position

When pilot instructed to resume own navigation after vectoring If current instructions had deviated from assigned route

Immediately before termination of ATS surveillance service if a/c observed to deviate from intended route

32
Q

How is position information passed to a/c?

A

Reference to a well-known geographical position

Magnetic track and distance to significant point, an en-route aid or approach aid

Direction (using compass point) and distance from known position

Distance to touchdown when on final approach

Distance & direction from centre line of ATS route

33
Q

What actions should an ATCO take in the event of misidentification?

A

Tell pilot to resume own navigation

Climb aircraft to safe level

Provide vertical separation/pass ETI

Continue to search for aircraft

Cancel any descent clearance and advise pilot to climb to original level

34
Q

If identification is lost what action must be taken?

A

Inform pilot that identification is lost

35
Q

What is the definition of Radar Map

A

Information superimposed on a situation display to provide ready identification of selected features

36
Q

What is the definition of video mapping?

A

The electronic superimposing of a. map or plan on a situation display

37
Q

What is verification?

A

A check that the a/c’s mode C readout is within agreed parameters

38
Q

What is validation?

A

Checking that the correct code has been selected by the pilot and is showing on the situation display

39
Q

How may an A/C be indentified using SSR?

A

Observing compliance with the instruction to set a discrete four digit code

Recognising a previously validated Mode A code- code/callsign conversion procedures may also be used if code/callsign pairing has been confirmed

Observing an Ident feature when it has been requested

40
Q

How may a squawk be validated?

A

Instruct a/c to squawk assigned code and observe that the correct numbers appear on the situation display

Instructing the a/c to squawk ident and simultaneously checking that the code numbers are associated with the radar return

Matching a previously identified radar return with the assigned code for the flight

41
Q

What are your actions if the observed Mode A readout does not correlate to that expected?

A

Instruct pilot to reset assigned code

If error persists instruct pilot to select A0000

If it still persists instruct pilot to switch off transponder- a corrupt code may be retained for identification and tracking purposes if the Mode C is verified but adjacent ATSUs must be informed

42
Q

When may a Mode A code be deemed validated?

A

When the code set can be recognised by the code assignment plan to have been assigned by a unit deemed capable of validating the code, providing the code has not been notified as corrupt.

43
Q

When shall verification be achieved?

A

Effected at least once by each equipped ATC unit on initial contact with the A/C or ASAP

44
Q

How is Mode C verified?

A

By simultaneous comparison of the displayed data with the information received from the a/c via R/T

45
Q

What are your actions if the Mode C data is not within assigned tolerances?

A

Pilot should be advised and requested to check the pressure setting and confirm the a/c’s level

46
Q

Does a pilot need to be informed of verification?

A

no

47
Q

What are the ATCO’s actions if Mode C data is still inaccurate after confirming the pressure setting?

A

Request the pilot to switch off Mode C provided this does not interrupt the operation of Mode A and notify the next ATSUs of the action taken

Inform the pilot of the discrepancy and request Mode C operation continue in order to prevent loss of position and identity information on the a/c, notify the next ATSUs

48
Q

When is an a/c considered to be at an assigned level?

A

When 3 consecutive sweeps (or 15 seconds whichever is greater) show that the Mode C is +/- 200ft of the assigned level

49
Q

When is an a/c considered to have passed a level (ICAO)?

A

When the Mode C indicates more than 300ft through that level and continuing in the anticipated direction

50
Q

When is an a/c considered to have vacated a level (ICAO)?

A

When the Mode C indicates more than 300ft from that level and continuing in the anticipated direction

51
Q

When may transfer of control take place using silent handover procedures?

A
  1. Updated flight plan information including the SSR code/mode S/ADS-B a/c identification is provided to the accepting controller prior to transfer
  2. ATS surveillance coverage to the accepting controller is such that the a/c concerned is presented on the situation display before the transfer is effected and is identified on or before the initial call
  3. When the controllers are not physically adjacent, two-way direct speech facilities are available between them at all times.
  4. The transfer points or point and all other conditions of application, such as direction of flight, specified levels, transfer of comms, and especially an agreed minimum separation between a/c about to be transferred have been made the subject of specific instructions or a specific LOA between the adjacent units
  5. The instructions or letter of agreement specify explicitly that the application of this type of transfer of radar control may be terminated at any time by the accepting controller, normally with agreed advanced notice.
  6. The accepting controller us kept currently informed of any level, speed or vectoring instructions given to the a/c prior to its transfer and which modify its anticipated flight progress at the point of transfer
52
Q

Apart from a silent handover when may transfer of control take place between ATSUs?

A
  1. Identification has been transferred to or has been established directly by the accepting controller
  2. When the controllers are not physically adjacent, two-way direct speech facilities are available between them at all times.
  3. Separation from other controlled flights conforms to the minima authorised for use during transfer of control between the sectors or units concerned
  4. The accepting controller is informed of any level, speed or vectoring instructions applicable to the a/c at the point of transfer
  5. Radio comms with the a/c is retained by the transferring controller until the accepting controller has agreed to assume responsibility for providing the ATS surveillance service to the a/c. Thereafter, the a/c should be instructed to change over to the appropriate frequency and from that point is the responsibility of the accepting controller.
53
Q

What is the definition of a radar handover?

A

Transfer of responsibility for the control of an a/c between two controllers using radar, following identification by both controllers.

54
Q

What conditions are there before issuing a radar handover?

A
  1. Satisfactory two-way comms is available between controllers
  2. The identity has been transferred to the accepting controller, or has been established by him; and
  3. The accepting controller is informed of any level, speed or vectoring instructions applicable to the a/c at the stage of transfer
55
Q

When must an a/c be informed of their position and that they have been identified inside CAS?

A

Only when using the turn method

56
Q

When must an a/c be informed of their position and that they have been identified outside CAS?

A

Informed identified- SSR, turn, departing, and position report methods

Position passed- only for the turn method

57
Q

What transponder modes does TCAS require?

A

Mode A

Mode C for RA’s

Mode S for the transponders to agree a course of action

58
Q

What are your actions as a controller on receipt of an RA?

A

Say roger to the a/c and leave them until clear of conflict

59
Q

What responsibility for separation does an ATCO have during an RA?

A

ATC responsibility ceases for sep from affected traffic

60
Q

Should an ATCO pass traffic information to a/c receiving an RA?

A

Not normally and also shouldn’t pass it to other a/c affected by such manoeuvres

61
Q

When does an ATCO resume responsibility for an a/c after an RA?

A

ATCO acknowledges report from pilot that they have resumed their previous clearance

or

The controller acknowledges a report from the pilot that this is a/c is resuming the clearance and issues another clearance which is acknowledged by the pilot

62
Q

What TCAS RAs must be MOR’d?

A

All of them

63
Q
A

UK APS (13 decks)

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