atherosclerosis

Question 1

what is familial hyperlipidemia and what can be seen on skin? what happens if untreated?

Answer 1

Massively elevated cholesterol.
Failure to clear LDL from blood.

Xanthomas and early atherosclerosis;

untreated fatal myocardial infarction before age 20.

Question 2

how does LDL enter hepatocyte?
what does PCSK9 do?
what can be used to supplement statin?

Answer 2

LDL enters hepatocytes via LDLR

PCSK9 degrades LDLRs

PCSK9 inhibitors now used to supplement statins

Question 3

what are PCSK9 inhibitors for?

Answer 3

severe/statin-resistant hyperlipidemia

Question 4

how does reverse cholesterol transport work

Answer 4

ABCA1 ABCG1 Cholesterol export pumps

Export selective to Apolipoprotein A as interactor (on HDL)

Export to HDL is reverse cholesterol transport

Removes cholesterol from arteries + return to liver

Question 5

what is nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB)

Answer 5

transcription factor
-master regulator of inflammation

• regulates macrophage activation

Question 6

what is nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) activated by

Answer 6

Activated by numerous inflammatory stimuli

-Scavenger receptors
-Toll-like receptors
-Cytokine receptors e.g. IL-1

Question 7

what deos nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) do?

Answer 7

Switches on numerous inflammatory genes

-Matrix metalloproteinases
-Inducible nitric oxide synthase
-Interleukin-1

Question 8

risk factor of atherosclerosis

Answer 8

smoking
hypertension
diabetes
hyperlipidaemia

Question 9

what degrades LDLR on hepatocyte

Answer 9

PCSK9

Question 10

what is the name of the Cholesterol export pumps for reverse cholesterol transport

Answer 10

ABCA1 ABCG1 Cholesterol export pumps