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Pathology > Atheroma > Flashcards

Atheroma Flashcards

1
Q

What is atheroma

A

Build up of fatty material on the inside of an artery

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2
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

The progressive narrowing of an artery reducing the space within the lumen which could cause further blockage

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3
Q

What is pathogenesis

A

Chronic injury to the endothelium causing chronic inflammation caused by
E.g smoking hypertension hyperlipidemia
Plaque forms as macrophages object fatty deposits

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4
Q

What are the 6 stages of atheroma

A 
T1- initial lesion 10 yr
T2- fatty streak 10yr
T3- intermediate lesion 30yr
T4- atheroma lesion 30 year
T5-fibroatheroma lesion 30 yr
T6- complex lesion 40 year = thrombus or haemorrhage
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5
Q

Where can atheroma build up

A 
Any artery.
Coronary - heart disease 
Aorta- aneurysm 
Carotid- narrow and cause a stroke 
Peripheral vascular disease
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6
Q

What are 5 complications of atheroma build up

A 
. Aneurysms
. Thrombosis 
. Haematoma formation 
. Embolism 
. Stenosis
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7
Q

How is atheroma treated

A

Secondary prevention

Revascularisation

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8
Q

What is iaschemic heart disease

A

Imbalance in the amount of oxygen and nutrients required and the amount that can be supplied.
Caused by decreased blood flow and a high oxygen demand

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9
Q

What are the risk factors for ischameic heart disease

A 
Family history 
Male
Old
Smoking 
High bp
Diabetes
Obesity 
Lack of exercise 
Alcohol
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10
Q

What are the symptoms of ischemic heart disease

A 
Crushing chest pain right arm and jaw
Short of breath 
Palpitations 
Syncope
Nausea 
Sweating 
Pale
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11
Q

WhT are the 3 diagnoses of ischaemic heart disease

A

Stable angina- less than 20 min solved by rest or gnt
Unstable angina- happens at rest for longer than 20 min
NSTEMI/STEMI- plaque rupture, occlusion, MI

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12
Q

How to investigate iaschemic heart disease

A 
Obs 
Bloods
Chest x ray 
ECG 
Stress test
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13
Q

What are the complications of ischemic heart disease

A

Cardiac arrest
Arythmia
Pericarditis
Valve defect

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14
Q

What are the treatments for ischemic heart disease

A 
Oxygen pain relief- aspirin 
Lifestyle changes 
Nitrates
B blockers 
Theombloic therapy 
Ptca
Coronary artery by pass
Reduce stress
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15
Q

How to treat hyperlipedimia

A

Reduce low density lipids
Reduce cholesterol and saturated fats
Statins

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16
Q

How to prevent or modify atheroma

A 
Stop smoking 
Lower bp
Loose weight 
Increase exercise 
Reduce alcohol consumption 
Increase hdl and decrease ldl

Pathology (18 decks)

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