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Micro CCMLS > AST > Flashcards

AST Flashcards

1
Q

beta lactams antimicrobial groups

A

penicillin
cephalosporins
carbapenems
monobactems

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2
Q

beta lactams mechanism of action

A

affect cell wall synthesis

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3
Q

penicillin

A

very narrow spectrum of activity
most Enterobacteriaceae and Staph are resistant

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4
Q

beta lactamase inhibitors

A

combined with beta lactams and help prevent the beta lactamases activity of bacteria

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5
Q

cephalosporins

A

addition of methyl group to beta lactam ring
1st-5th generation and the later generations have broader range of activity
3rd have greater activity against GNR and greater resistance to beta lactamases

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6
Q

carbapenems

A

ertapenem, imipenem, meropenem and doripenem
largely resistant to beta lactamases; widest spectrum of activity
IV

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7
Q

monobactems

A

aztreonam
treats PSA and other GNR

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8
Q

glycopeptide antimicrobial group

A

IV
interferes w/ cell wall synthesis
vancomycin: very large cannot penetrate GN cell wall; used for methicillin resistant organisms (MRSA)

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9
Q

antibiotics affecting protein synthesis

A

aminoglycosides
tetracyclines
macrolides

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10
Q

aminoglycosides

A

bactericidal
bind to 30s ribo preventing attachment to mRNA and translation
treat GN of ab and urinary

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11
Q

aminoglycosides examples

A

gentamycin
tobramycin
amikacin

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12
Q

aminoglycoside side effects

A

nephrotoxicity
irreversible ototoxicity (ears)

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13
Q

tetracyclines

A

bacteriostatic
inhibit by binding 30s ribo and inhibit attach. of tRNA
plasmid mediated resistance is common

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14
Q

tetracycline examples

A

tetracycline
doxycycline
minocycline

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15
Q

tetracycline treats what bacteria?

A

Strep
GNB
rickettsiae
mycoplasma
chlamydia

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16
Q

macrolides

A

bacteriostatic
inhibit prot. syn. by binding 50s ribo inhibit transfer of growing peptide to aa chain
transpeptidation and protein syn. r shut down

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17
Q

macrolide examples

A

erythromycin
azithromycin
clarithromycin

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18
Q

macrolides are used to treat what bacteria?

A

staph
strep
some GN
spirochetes
mycoplasma
chlamydia
drug of choice for bordatella pertusis, mycoplasma, legionella

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19
Q

antibiotics affecting nucleic acid synthesis

A

quinolones
rifamycins

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20
Q

quinolones

A

bacteriocidal
act on DNA gyrase/ topoisomerases to interfere w/ replication

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21
Q

quinolone examples

A

ciprofloxacin
levofloxacin
ofloxacin
moxifloxacin
gemifloxacin

22
Q

quinolones treat what bacteria?

A

GN (Enteriobacteriacea, Haemophilus, Neisseria, Moraxella catarrhalis

23
Q

quinolone problems

A

GI disorder may occur
resistance has been seen

24
Q

rifamycins

A

inhibits RNA polymerase which forms mRNA
rifampin (semisynthetic)
for TB

25
Q

antibiotics affecting metabolic processes

A

sulfonamides

26
Q

sulfonamides

A

folic acid syn. inhibitor
bacteriostatic
used w/ trimethoprim
can cause allergic rxn

27
Q

mechanisms of resistance

A

natural (intrinsic)
acquired (mutational)
biofilms

28
Q

all strains of Klebsiella are naturally resistant to what antimicrobial?

A

ampicillin
due to gene for penicillin specific beta lactamase

29
Q

anaerobes are intrinsically resistant to what antibiotic?

A

aminoglycosides
due to lack of oxidative ET sys.

30
Q

Staphylococcus saprophyticus is resistant to what antimicrobial?

A

novobiocin
used for ID

31
Q

mechanisms of acquired resistance

A

`chromo mutations:
(target site modification, reduced permeability, bypass inhibited metabolic pathways, activation of efflux systems, prod. of enzymes that modify antibiotic, any combo of above)

32
Q

bacterial biofilms

A

prevent phagocytosis
creates environment for exchange of genetic material

33
Q

MRSA

A

mecA gene
resistant to all beta lactams, cephalosporins, carbapenems

34
Q

what is the drug of choice for MRSA?

A

VANCOMYCIN

35
Q

what drug is used to test for MRSA?

A

oxacillin
or cefoxitin

36
Q

erythromycin resistance is through what gene?

A

erm gene

37
Q

D test

A

erythromycin resistance can trigger clindamycin resistance
tests for this
Mueller Hinton agar
erthyromycin disk and clindamycin disk set close together, if zone of inhibition is a D shape shows inducible clindamycin resistance

38
Q

VRE

A

vancomycin resistant Enterococcus
most common vanA and vanB

39
Q

common antibacterials for UTI

A

ampicillin
cephalothin
cefazolin
nitrofurantoin
ciprofloxacin
trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
gentamicin

40
Q

treatment of Enterococci

A

ampicillin
amoxicillin

41
Q

Enterobacter are intrinsically resistant to what drugs?

A

ampicillin
1,2, cephalosporins
due to ampC beta lactamase

42
Q

Serratia are resistant to what drugs?

A

ampicillin
1 cephalosporins
due to ampC beta lactamase

43
Q

Citrobacter freundii is resistant to what drugs?

A

ampicillin
1 cephalosporins
due to ampC beta lactamase

44
Q

Proteus is resistant to what drugs?

A

tetracycline and nitrofurantoin

45
Q

Can instruments detect ampC?

A

no

46
Q

Can instruments detect ESBLs?

A

Only in E. coli and Klebsiella

47
Q

ESBLs

A

extended spectrum beta lactamases
inactivate penicillins, cephalosporins
do not hydrolyze cephamycin AB
inhibited by beta lactamase inhibitors
inactive against carbapenems

48
Q

keyhole phenomenon

A

test for ESBL
test cefotaxime and ceftazidime alone and w/ clavulanate
If zone size increases 5mm or more w/ clavulanate= ESBL+
when disks are placed close together zones looks like a keyhole

49
Q

ampC beta lactamases

A

are cephalosporinases
resistant to beta lactamase inhibitors
hyrdolyze cefamycins

50
Q

ampC is found in what organisms?

A

MYSPACE: Morganella morganii
Yersinia enterocolitica
Serratia
Providencia/PSA
Aeromonas
Citrobacter freundii
Enterobacter/Hafnia alvei

Micro CCMLS (12 decks)

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