assessment principles

Question 1

define discriminative measurements

Answer 1

attempts to differentiate between two or more groups of people

Question 2

define predictive measurements

Answer 2

attempts to classify people into a set of predefined measurement categories for purpose of estimating outcome

Question 3

define evaluative measurement

Answer 3

pertains to measurement of change in an individual or group over time

Question 4

define descriptive measurement

Answer 4

pertains to efforts to obtain a ‘clinical picture’ or baseline of person’s skills

Question 5

what are the 4 types of assessment

Answer 5

non standardised
standardised
criterion referenced
norm referenced

Question 6

what does measurement enable therapists to do

Answer 6

• quantify attributes of individuals
• make comparisons
• document on performance change

Question 7

define evaluation

Answer 7

The process of determining the worth of
something in relation to established benchmarks
using assessment information.

Question 8

define re-evaluation

Answer 8

process of critical analysis of client response

to intervention

Question 9

define screening

Answer 9

A quick review of the client’s situation to determine if an occupational therapy evaluation is warranted

Question 10

define testing

Answer 10

a systematic procedure for observing a person’s behaviour & describing it with the aid of a numerical scale or a category-system

Question 11

define evidence based practice

Answer 11

The integration of best research evidence available, clinical experience and patient values

Question 12

define non standardised assessments

Answer 12

Do not follow a standard approach or protocol

May contain data collected from interviews, questionnaires and observation of performance

Question 13

define standardised assessments

Answer 13

• Are developed using prescribed procedures

- Are administered and scored in a consistent manner under the same conditions and test directions

Question 14

define descriptive assessments

Answer 14

to describe individuals within groups and to characterise differences

Question 15

define evaluative assessments

Answer 15

use criteria or items to measure an individuals trait over time

Question 16

define predictive assessments

Answer 16

use criteria to classify individuals to predict trait against criteria

Question 17

define criterion referenced assessment

Answer 17

client performance is assessed against a set of predetermined standards

Question 18

define norm referenced assessment

Answer 18

client performance is assessed relative to the other students

Question 19

pros of criterion referenced assessments

Answer 19

• sets minimum performance expectations

- demonstrates what clients can and can not do

Question 20

cons of criterion referenced assessments

Answer 20

• hard to know where to set boundary conditions

- lack of comparison data

Question 21

define norm referenced assessments

Answer 21

Based upon the assumption of a standard normal (Gaussian) distribution with n > 30.

Question 22

pros of norm referenced assessments

Answer 22

• ensures a spread

- shows client performance relevant to group

Question 23

cons of norm referenced assessments

Answer 23

• in a strong group, some will be ensured an f

- above average performance is not necessarily good

Question 24

define reliability

Answer 24

The reproducibility of test results on more than one occasion by the same researcher using a measure.

range from 0 - 1

Question 25

define random error

Answer 25

errors that can not be predicted

Question 26

define systematic error

Answer 26

errors that have predictable fluctuations

Question 27

list the types of reliability

Answer 27

``` Intra-rater reliability Inter-rater reliability Test-retest reliability / temporal stability Alternate form reliability Split half reliability Internal consistency ```

Question 28

intra rater reliability

Answer 28

The stability of data collected by one person more than 2 times

Question 29

inter rater reliability

Answer 29

Detecting variability between 2 eaters who measure the same client

Question 30

test retest reliability

Answer 30

The reliability/stability of measurements when given to the same people over time

Question 31

alternate form reliability

Answer 31

the degree of correlation between two different, but equivalent forms from the same test completed by the same group of people

Question 32

split half reliability

Answer 32

the degree of correlation between one half the items of a test and the other half of the items of a test (e.g., odd numbered items correlated with the even numbered items)

Question 33

internal consistency

Answer 33

the the degree of agreement between the items in a test that measures a construct

Question 34

cronbachs coefficient alpha

Answer 34

used to assess internal consistency; estimate the reliability of scales or commonality of one item in a test with other items in a test; ranges from 0.10-0.99

Question 35

kappa (k)

Answer 35

used in assessments yielding multiple nominal placements since it corrects for chance

Question 36

weighted k

Answer 36

used to determine the reliability of a test when rating on an ordinal scale

Question 37

validity

Answer 37

the extent to which a test measures what it purports to measure

Question 38

construct validity

Answer 38

Establishes whether assessment measures a construct and its theoretical components

Question 39

what are the 3 parts of construct validity

Answer 39

1. describe the constructs that amount for test performance 2. compose hypotheses that explains relationship 3. test hypotheses

Question 40

list the 4 subtypes of construct validity

Answer 40

- convergent - divergent - discriminant - factor analysis

Question 41

covergent validity

Answer 41

Level of agreement between 2 tests that are being used to measure the same construct

Question 42

divergent validity

Answer 42

Distinguishing the construct from confounding factors

Question 43

discriminant validity

Answer 43

The level of disagreement when two tests measure a trait

Question 44

factor analysis validity

Answer 44

statistical procedure used to determine whether test items group together to measure a discreet construct or variable

Question 45

content validity

Answer 45

The extent to which a measurement reflects a specific domain

Question 46

criterion validity

Answer 46

Implies outcome can be used a substitute for 'gold' standard criterion test

Question 47

what are the 2 subtypes of criterion validity

Answer 47

1. concurrent/congruent validity (degree to which results agree with others) 2. predictive validity (extent to which measure can forecast)

Question 48

face validity

Answer 48

A test appears to measure what its author intended it to measure

Question 49

ecological validity

Answer 49

The outcome of an assessment can hold up in the real-world circumstances

Question 50

what are the 2 types of experimental validity

Answer 50

- internal | - external

Question 51

sensitivity

Answer 51

Ability of a test to detect genuine changes in a client’s clinical condition or ability

Question 52

specify

Answer 52

A test’s ability to obtain a negative result when the condition is really absent (a true negative)

Question 53

responsiveness

Answer 53

providing evidence of the ability of a measure to assess and quantify clinically important change

Question 54

nominal measurement

Answer 54

only have two response options to items; for example male/female; yes/no wet/dry; happy/sad

Question 55

ordinal measurement

Answer 55

data has some order, with one score being better/worse than another.

Question 56

interval scales

Answer 56

the differences between any two scores ratings are identical (such as weight, temperature and distance); statistics can be used correctly.