AS RESEARCH- sampling techniques - ethical issues- quasi exp

Question 1

what is a sample?

Answer 1

representative of a target population ( the population you are interested in studying)

Question 2

what are the types of samples?

Answer 2

opportunity sample
volunteer sample
random sample
stratified sampling

Question 3

what is opportunity sample?

Answer 3

ps who are most easily available e.g people who walk past your school

Question 4

advantage of opportunity sample?

Answer 4

quick and easy to get ps

Question 5

disadvantage of opportunity sample?

Answer 5

leads to bias

Question 6

what is volunteer sample?

Answer 6

the researcher advertisers for ps and those that volunteer used in study

Question 7

advantage of volunteer sample?

Answer 7

advertise in specific place to get ps who reflect target pop e.g doctors?- advertise medical mag

Question 8

disadvantage of volunteer sample?

Answer 8

lead to volunteer bias - more likely to be motivated individ with lots of spare time
expensive and time consuming to advertise for ps

Question 9

what is random sample?

Answer 9

everyone in target pop has an equal chance of being selected . you choose from this population using a random technique e.g random numbers generator

Question 10

advantage of random sample?

Answer 10

everyone = chance = not bias

Question 11

disadvantage of random sample?

Answer 11

time consuming for right sample

some of ps who randomly selected = may drop out and will end up needing replaced which may lead to biased samp

Question 12

what is stratified sampling?

Answer 12

sub groups within pop identified, and representative sample is taken randomly from each. quota sampling is the same,except the sample from sub group is taken opportunistically

Question 13

what are the ethical issues?

Answer 13

deception, informed consent, protection from harm, right to withdraw, confidentiality, privacy

Question 14

what is deception?

Answer 14

occurs when p is not told true aims of a study or what it will entail. It may involve withholding info or lying. this is because the p may believe differently if they knew aim of research

Question 15

what is informed consent?

Answer 15

p should be given info about study and role in it. enables them to make and informed decision about whether or not want to participate however full info may change behaviour

Question 16

what is protection from harm?

Answer 16

harm includes physical harm e.g injury/psychological such as embarrassment, h.w can be hard for experimenter to estimate risks prior to conducting study

Question 17

what is right to withdraw?

Answer 17

informing a p that they are allowed to withdraw at any point if feel uncomfortable recieve benefits e.g money even if withdraw

Question 18

what is confidentiality?

Answer 18

personal info obtained about a p should be protected this is a legal right under the data protection act. h.w it can be hard if details from a study lead to an individuals identification

Question 19

what is privacy?

Answer 19

a person right to control the flow of information about themselves. this can be an issue in covert observations,yet if the p find out they are being observed they may change their b

Question 20

how to overcome deception?

Answer 20

seek permission from ethics committee to consider costs v benefits. use debriefing where you inform p of true aims and option to withdraw

Question 21

how to overcome informed consent?

Answer 21

offer right to withdraw and seek retrospective consent during debrief and give option to withdraw data. use presumptive consent involves telling group of people who are similar to p about study and asking if they’d agree to take part

Question 22

how to overcome protection from harm?

Answer 22

avoid any risks greater than those encountered in everyday life.stop the study as soon as harm becomes apparent

Question 23

how to overcome confidentiality?

Answer 23

researcher should not use the real names of the p -use initials fake names or numbers. confi info stored securely

Question 24

how to privacy?

Answer 24

use presumptive consent. only observe people when they are in a situation where they would except to observed by others

Question 25

what is a quasi experiment?

Answer 25

A quasi-experiment is designed a lot like a true experiment except that in the quasi-experimental design the participants are not randomly assigned to experimental groups.