AS RESEARCH METHODS- observational studies-case study - correlation

Question 1

what are the 2 types of observations?

Answer 1

naturalistic and controlled observation

Question 2

what is a naturalistic observation?

Answer 2

observe p in a natural environment no manipulation of any environement

Question 3

advantages of naturalistic observation?

Answer 3

can discover new facts about natural b

high ecological validity

Question 4

disadvantages of naturalistic observation?

Answer 4

no control over ev
observer bias (expectations of observer influence results)

Question 5

what is a controlled observation?

Answer 5

observe p in a controlled environment e.g strange situation

Question 6

advantages of controlled observation?

Answer 6

can manipulate variables to observe effects

Question 7

disadvantages of controlled observation?

Answer 7

reduced ecological validity

observer bias

Question 8

what is overt observation?

Answer 8

p is aware being observed. consequently alter behaviour reducing validity of study

Question 9

what is a covert observation?

Answer 9

observations are made without p’s knowledge. this may be ethical issues regarding invasion of privacy

Question 10

what is a structured observation?

Answer 10

observer uses behavioural categories to record observations they could be a behaviour checklist or coding system

Question 11

what is an unstructured observation?

Answer 11

observer records all relevant behaviours that are seen but has no system this may be because the behaviour to be studied is unpredictable

Question 12

what is a participant observation?

Answer 12

requires researcher t take part in sit being studied

Question 13

what is a non participant observation?

Answer 13

occurs when the researcher observes b from outside of sit

Question 14

what are the types of sampling procedures in observations?

Answer 14

event sampling and time sampling

Question 15

what is event sampling?

Answer 15

a count is kept of number of times a certain b occurs with a given space of time

Question 16

what is time sampling?

Answer 16

behaviour is recorded at certain intervals p displaying er 30 secs

Question 17

how to improve reliability of observations?

Answer 17

inter rater reliability

Question 18

what is inter rater reliability?

Answer 18

extent to which there is agreement btw 2 or more observers. assessed by correlating observations of 2 or more observers. correlation should be more than 0.8 to show high reliability. if low it could be improved by training observers in using behavioural categories

Question 19

what are behavioural categories?

Answer 19

specific type of behaviour which is defined before study takes place

Question 20

what is a case study?

Answer 20

gather in depth info on an individ or small group of people

Question 21

advantages of case study?

Answer 21

long period of time= lots of detail supported with lots of evidence

Question 22

disadvantage of case study?

Answer 22

cant be generalised and unreliable-old stuff

Question 23

what is a correlation?

Answer 23

2 measurements taken from same group of p. rels btw 2 co variables is determined. neither variable is manioulated so no iv/dv.

Question 24

advantages of correlation?

Answer 24

1. used when variables cannot be manipulated for ethical or practical reasons
2. use large data sets easily replicated
3. give precise info on degree of relationship btw variables
4. strong corr may suggest ideas for experiments to determine cause & effect

Question 25

disadvantages of correlation?

Answer 25

1. cannot draw conclusions about cause & effect as intervening variables may be involved
2. subject t any probs with method e.g how data collected

Question 26

difference btw correlation and experiment?

Answer 26

experiment iv manipulated correlation 2 variablea are just measured and experiment has iv and dv whilst correlation has 2 variables but no iv or dv