Art Section 4 Flashcards

1
Q

It was until the dawn of the_______________ and the development of _______________ in the ______th century most colorants for oil paint were derived from ________________

A

Enlightenment, chemistry, 18, nature

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2
Q

How did the discovery of Prussian blue change the use of fine blues for painters?

A

Before it was a luxury item that was not used as much because of its expense as well

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3
Q

What does it mean by fine blues were chemically stable?

A

They do not fade when exposed to light (unlike other pigments)

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4
Q

What is ultramarine?

A

An expensive saturated cobalt blue color

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5
Q

How is ultramarine produced?

A

By grinding the lapis lazuli stone into a fine powder

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6
Q

Where is lapis lazuli stone mined from?

A

Mountains of Afghanistan

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7
Q

What type of religious paintings was ultramarine specifically depicted in?

A

Virgin Mary’s clothing

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8
Q

Who discovered Prussian blue?

A

Jacob Diesbach, a German colormaker

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9
Q

True or False? Diesbach was purposely trying to create a new blue pigment.

A

False. The discovery of prussian blue was an accident.

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10
Q

What was Diesbach originally trying to make?

A

a standard batch of cochineal red lake (which required iron sulfate and potash)

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11
Q

What alchemist did Jacob Diesbach purchase his potash from?

A

Johann Konrad Dippel

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12
Q

What did Diesbach do differently when purchasing his potash from Dippel?

A

Asked for previously used potash (as he was trying to spend less)

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13
Q

What happened when Diesbach tried to make red lake with the previously used potash that was contaminated with animal fats?

A

It originally turned pale
Then the mixture turned purple when he tried to concentrate it, and then deep blue

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14
Q

What was Dippel’s explanation for why the pigment turned blue?

A

He thought that it was a reaction between iron and sulfate and the contaminated alkali

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15
Q

What is the real explanation as to why the Diesbach’s pigment turned blue?

A

The alkali had reacted with Dippel’s oil to make potassium ferrocyanide which then combined with iron sulfate to make iron ferrocyanide or Prussian blue

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16
Q

Early example of the use of Prussian blue in an oil on canvas composition in 1720

A

The Italian Comedians by Antoine Watteau

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

Why does Prussian blue appear so little in The Italian Comedians?

A

When it was made in 1720, the powder was expensive and rare

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19
Q

Benefits of Prussian blue

A

-Non toxic, stable, 1/10 of the cost of ultramarine
-Dry powder that could be mixed with any binding agent (chalk or oil) to color paper, canvas, or a different binding support

20
Q

Disadvantages of Prussian blue

A

When mixed with other colors, the pigment becomes diluted which makes it more sensitive to UV light

21
Q

A Girl with a Kitten

A

-Most likely by Jean-Baptiste Perronneau (a French artist who used pastels)
-Prussian blue is used on the girl’s vibrant dress and in the duskier, shadowed blue of the background
-Evidences muted colors, feather textures, and soft colors of the medium

22
Q

What are pastels?

A

type of colored chalk applied to a textured paper

23
Q

Why was Prussian blue used much more in A Girl with a Kitten than in The Italian Comedians?

A

It was much more common as it was being produced in manufacturing centers across Europe by 1740 than in 1720

24
Q

Antoine Watteau used the first synthetic pigment to evoke a sense of

A

Romanticism

25
Who is Anna Atkins?
-Considered the first recognized female photographer -Used prussian blue to create a series of plant cyanotypes
26
Who painted the Self Portrait in a Straw Hat?
Marie Louise Elisabeth Vigee Lebrun
27
Why style does Vigee Lebrun paint in?
Rococo which deals with lavish excess, sinuous lines, pastel colors, and gilt furniture
28
Where does the word Rococo originate from?
French for pebble, rocaille, that was used to decorate grotto interiors in period gardens
29
Antonie Watteau uses Prussian blue in The Italian Comedians to color
the musicians socks
30
What medium did Jean-Baptise Perronneau use for his portraits?
pastels
31
Anna Atkins used Prussian blue to make
plant cyanotypes -wanted to leave the imprint of the plant on the paper
32
What monarch did Vigee-Lebrun frequently paint?
Marie-Antoinette - about 30 times
33
Challenges Vigee-Lebrun face in her career
Forced into a bad marriage, rejected by the Royal Academy, father died when she was young, government confiscated her materials
34
When painting "en plein air" you are
working outside
35
What held paints prior to metal tubes being used?
pig's bladders - prone to bursting and could not be resealed
36
A painting with impasto effect has
thick paint to create a textured painting that lifts off the canvas
37
James Pollock used paint made out of
plastic, aka acrylic paint
38
Monet painted the Argenteuil Bridge in 1874 how many times
7 times, wanted to show different reflections of the light
39
Argenteuil Bridge crosses the
Seine River
40
Color that is complementary to orange
Blue
41
How did the Industrial Revolution affect paints?
quality paint was widely sold, new chemicals were used to create pigments, steam-powered mills ground pigments, a wider range of colors became available
42
The first paint tubes used what metal
tin
43
Artists were limited to naturally occurring pigments until the beginning of
the Enlightenment, when the field of chemistry began to develop
44
Where was the first synthetic pigment discovered?
Berlin, in 1704 in a alchemist's library
45
What artistic institution rejected Marie-Louise-Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun because of her gender?
the Royal Academy
46
The pose in the Self Portrait in a Straw Hat was inspired by
Portrait of Susanna Lunden, by Peter Paul Rubens
47
What technique did squeezable metal paint tubes help most with?
impasto - where an artist squirts paint thickly onto a canvas