Social Science Section 4 Flashcards
What gave way to internet
ARPANET
what is the name of the operating system designed to facilitate writing and running programs in the LISP programming language.
LISP machine
What traditionally provided funding for AI labs
The US Government
What caused AI labs to need to look for commercial sponsorship funding
The end of the Vietnam War
What happened at AI labs that went against Stallman’s Code of Ethics
Enhancements to the LISP machine were proprietary, they could not be shared with other members in the lab
Stallman believed in “Free” software in what context
Free not in price but in freedom
What did Stallman set out to create after leaving the work on the LISP machine
“GNU’s Not Unix”
How did Stallman ensure GNU would remain free
enlisted the help of a lawyer and drafted a new software license, called the GNU General Public License, or GPL.
To create his new OS which other OS did Torvalds base it on
Minix, a Unix-like operating system developed by Andrew Tanenbaum.
Jerry ___ and David ____ founded Yahoo
Yang, Filo
9/11 and the 2001 elections are often blamed for
The Dot Com Crash
This programing language was originally called Oak
Java
Steve Jobs founded what company after being fired from Apple?
NeXT
Who proposed a new programing language named oak, later renamed JAVA
James Gosling
What time did apple release the imac?
1998
What does imac stand for
Internet Macintosh
What department sued microsoft for its anti-competitive tactics
US Department of Justice
What was the first successful mobile portable computer
The Osborne 1
What does the term GPS stand for
Global Positioning System
What is a web blog
A type of website that allowed users to post content easily without managing a server or knowing HTML
What was netscapes business model?
It was to giveaway a free browser to individual users, but charge large corporations a license fee for the browser and their server software
Who founded YAHHO
Jerry Yang and David Filo
When was Yahoo founded
1993
who can make webpages on the worldwide web
anyone with access to a own webpages
who determined that if a page had inbound links then it must contain relevant information
Larry Page and Sergey Brin
Who created Google
Larry Page and Sergey Brin
What happened to most of the dotcom websites
They ended up collapsing
Which companies were successful after the dotcom bubble
What is JAVA’s original name?
OAK
What did the first web pages contain?
static images and images and text
What was the NeXT program based off of?
BSD Unit
What is iMac?
internet Macintosh
How would one create a web page?
1). Craft an HTML-file by writing the code manually or using a GUI-based authoring tool 2). Post it to a web server
How would one view a web page?
by using a web browser
The ____________ was one of the earliest examples that showed the line between content consumption and content creation was beginning to blur
web blog (allowed the user to view content and post it without managing a server or knowing HTML)
Who invented Wikipedia?
Ward Cunningham in 1995
Wikipedia is most similar to a ______
blog post as they are both easy to read/edit
What is crowdsourcing?
spreading the workload across a widely distributed audience
How is Wikipedia an example of crowdsourcing?
because anyone from anywhere can edit the text if errors are spotted to correct them
The term “wiki” is derived from the Hawaiian word wikiwiki which means what?
“quick”
What is Web 2.0?
term to describe a more interactive site that encourages reading and publishing
Examples of Web 2.0 include?
Wikipedia, blog posts, social media, Friendster, & MySpace
What were the first two social networking services that gained prominence and were launched in 2003?
Friendster and MySpace
What do all social networking services have in common?
the ability for users to create a profile that could be linked to friends and others
Problems with social networking services from the beginning of its creation to modern day
lack of authentication; no way to stop anyone from creating fake profiles
Who created Facebook?
Mark Zuckerburg
What were Mark Zuckerburg’s two social websites at Harvard before Facebook?
Course Match (to compare course schedules) and Facemash (rating people based on physical attractiveness)
After taking what class did Zuckerburg decide to create Facebook?
graph theory
What did Zuckerburg base the electronic version of Facebook on?
the “face book” which was a printed student directory published by Harvard
What Facebook originally called?
thefacebook.com
True or False? Thefacebook was open for public use as it was a general-purpose social network.
False. Despite being a general purpose social network, Zuckerburg originally had restricted access to the site to only those with an @harvard.edu email address
Why did Zuckerburg originally limit the access to Thefacebook to those at Harvard?
to decrease the chances of users creating fake profiles
In 2005, after moving to California a year prior, how did Thefacebook name change?
there is no longer a “the” so it became facebook.com
How did users react to the New Feed feature regarding Facebook?
they felt it violated their privacy as others could automatically see changes made to their profile, however, most kept it on even after Facebook gave them the option to disable it
What is the world’s most widely used social media platform?
Instagram was first made available as a what before being ported to a web browser as well?
smartphone app in 2010
What social media app did Facebook acquire in 2012?
How is GPS an important component to the smartphone business models?
several business models use GPS to be effective and achieve their desired purpose
Examples of GPS and smartphone features in business models
OpenTable app– allows users to locate and make reservations at restaurants near them and rideshare apps use the GPS to locate potential drivers nearby
Were the first tablets introduced too different from phones?
No, they just had larger screens and did not have all the capabilities
Where is the term tablet from? (Hint: older product of Windows)
the “tablet PC” that supported a stylus and handwriting recognition software
How is the Microsoft Surface Pro (a tablet) similar to that of a computer?
it has a detachable keyboard
Apple programming to create apps for iPhone and iPad device typically use what two programming languages?
Objective C or Swift
What programming language do Android apps use?
Java
Why was Java the common programming language for Android apps?
because it was already common among other devices/people so it lowered the learning curve needed to create apps for Android
What company created Java?
Sun Microsystems
What company acquired Sun Microsystems in 2009?
Oracle
Oracle vs. Google
Oracle demanded the Google pay billions of dollars in royalty payments to them because of Google’s use of Java on the Android platform; primarily about Google copying the Java API (application programming interface), court ruled in favor of Google
What is an API or application programming interface?
a set of programming instructions the one makes available to another to facilitate the development of software
What is cloud computing?
one organization pays for time and storage on another company’s computer– allows other companies to lease time on their computers for a monthly fee
What law is one of the many reasons why long-distance timesharing services failed in the early 1970s’?
Moore’s Law
How did Intel slow down the clock speeds of it processors while increasing its overall performance?
through multicore processors– putting two or more processor cores onto a single microchip
What is Moore’s Law?
an observation, made by Intel founder Gordon Moore, that the number of transistors that
can fit on a processor will double every eighteen months—meaning there will be a steady increase in
computing power over time.
How did Moore’s Law prove unreliable in the early 2000s’ ?
1). the super tiny transistors began to leak charge thorugh their insulating materials 2). the chips’ high clock speeds consumed more power, generating more heat so it needed much more sophisticated cooling systems
Cloud computing is most beneficial to ______ businesses
small
Netflix now uses what service for its infrastructure after shutting down its own data center
Amazon Web Services (AWS)
What is virtualization?
refers to the ability to run multiple instances of an operating system on a single computer as if they were running on multiple separate computers– can create separate virtual machines for individual users so they each have a dedicated part of the cloud
Virtualizations was used in what IBM mainframe computer?
IBM/370
What is Software as a Service (SaaS)?
a form of cloud computing in which users run an app through a web browser
rather than installing it locally on their computer by paying a fee
Early form of Software as a Service
Salesforce.com
What was the first product of Salesforce.com?
a “customer relationship management” application that allowed traveling salespeople to keep track of customers/appointments from their laptops to not burden the home office with all the data
Examples of Software as a Service (SaaS)
Hotmail (Outlook.com), Gmail, Google Docs/Sheets, Microsoft 365, Adobe, Photoshop, and Acrobat
What technological companies flourished during COVID-19?
Zoom, Amazon, & Netflix
Tech companies that suffered during COVID-19
ride-sharing services, such as Uber and Lyft
What is Blockchain?
an online ledger
What is a ledger?
a book containing a list of financial transactions
What is one aspect of Blockchain that makes it different from traditional ledgers?
each entry contains a “hash” (sequence of bytes) derived from mathematically from the contents of the previous entry– cannot be deleted or modified allowing for complete transparency
What is Bitcoin?
a form of digital currency not associated with any government but is associated with Blockchain as it used to track the ownership of bitcoins
Who invented Blockchain and Bitcoin?
Satoshi Nakamto (most likely a pseudonym)
What does NFT stand for?
non-fugible (meaning unique in this context) tokens (meaning the digital certificate of ownership)
What is blockchain used for regarding NFTs?
ownership of any given NFT
True or False? NFTs are the same as each other, the same as two one dollar bills
False, each NFT is practically a digital artifact that cannot be duplicated
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
the science and practice of developing algorithms that allow computers to perform
actions that normally require human intelligence today, research in AI has
resulted in self-driving cars and virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa; however, achieving true human-level
intelligence continues to be an elusive goal.
What programming language is associated with AI?
LISP
Who is the founder of the GNU project that worked in the field of AI?
Richard Stallman
Rodney Brooks developed what?
Baxter, a versatile industrial robot
What is machine learning (ML)?
a branch of artificial intelligence in which the algorithm is fed lots of “training data”
containing inputs and expected outputs; the algorithm then extrapolates the training data to new inputs.
Examples of AI using machine learning
Siri and Alexa responding to your voice and ChatGPT
What did Elon Musk announce in 2021 regarding Tesla?
they are working on a line of intelligent robots
In a traditional electronic computer how are bits represented?
by a 1 or 0 (high or low voltage)
In a quantum computing how are bits represented?
by the postitions of electrons within an atom
What was Mark Zuckerberg studying for his freshman year at Harvard College?
Computer science
When did Zuckerberg released the electronic face book?
2/1/2004
When was “News feed” added to Facebook
In 2006
What did the feature “News Feed” allowed users to do?
It allowed user to automatically see recent changes to their friends’ profiles.
How did Facebook respond to resistance from some users to the “News Feed”?
Facebook responded by granting users the option to disable the News Feed.
Why has facebook come under fire?
For its role in the spread of misinformation
What lawsuit is the Federal Trade Commission pursuing against Facebook?
An anti-trust lawsuit
What type of unique abilities did social networks wanted from smartphones?
Built-in cameras and geolocation features
Why did Facebook acquire Instagram in 2012?
Because it was very popular
What combination led to the creation of business models?
A smartphone with a GPS
What are some ridesharing apps?
Uber and Lyft
How do Uber and Lyft make use of the smartphone’s GPS?
Uber and Lyft make use of the smartphone’s GPS to locate potential drivers nearby.
what decade did Richard Stallman work as a programmer
at the Artificial Intelligence (AI) Lab at MIT
1980s
Who had provided most of the funding for the AI lab where LISP was created?
the US military
Who was Richard Stallman in the early 1980s?
He was a programmer at the AI lab in MIT
What was the name of the machine in the MIT AI lab?
LISP
What did the LISP machine do?
It was an operating system designed to facilitate writing and run programs in the LISP programming language
Who provided funding for the LISP machine before the Vietnam war?
The US military
How did the LISP machine receive funding after the Vietnam War?
Commercial sponsorship
What changed when Symbololics hired programmers from the AI lab to develop improvements for the LISP machine?
The enhancements had to be secret
Why did Stallman not like the secrecy of the enhancements?
It went against his code of ethics
What did “Free” mean in the context of Stallmans code of ethics?
Freedom. Not free of charge, but open to use by anyone
What did Stallman make his operating system run on?
UNIXw
What does GNU stand for
“GNU’s Not UNIX”
Did Richard Stallman have a beard?
Yeah, and a pretty groovy one at that.
What did Stallman want his operating system to be?
Free and open for anyone to use, and widely known.
Who developed Minix?
Andrew Tanenbaum
What was Tanenbaum’s occupation?
He was a Computer Science Professor at Vrije University in Amsterdam
Who created the Linux Kernel?
Linus Torvalds
how long did it take to set up predominantly universities?
2 years
what did the set up of web servers provide?
more content
how did users predominetly navigate?
they used hyperlinks instead of mouses
what time frame was Mosaic created?
1992-1993
who invented Mosaic?
Marc Andreesen and Eric Bina,
where was Mosiac invented?
University of Illinois
True or false? Mosaic only ran on one type of computer?
False it ran on Windows, Macintosh, and Unix
what year was Mosiac a “killer app”?
1990s
what decade was VisiCalc a “killer app”?
1970s
what university did Andreesen leave to found Netscape?
University of Illinois
what new code did Andreesen write after leaving University of Illinois?
Netscape
what company did Andreesen found?
Netscape Communications communications
what new browser was released September 1994?
Net navigator
how many people used netscape at the end of 1994?
10,000
how many times had Net Navigator been downloaded in 1995?
15 million times
