Social Science Section 4 Flashcards
1
Q
What gave way to internet
A
ARPANET
2
Q
what is the name of the operating system designed to facilitate writing and running programs in the LISP programming language.
A
LISP machine
3
Q
What traditionally provided funding for AI labs
A
The US Government
4
Q
What caused AI labs to need to look for commercial sponsorship funding
A
The end of the Vietnam War
5
Q
What happened at AI labs that went against Stallman’s Code of Ethics
A
Enhancements to the LISP machine were proprietary, they could not be shared with other members in the lab
6
Q
Stallman believed in “Free” software in what context
A
Free not in price but in freedom
7
Q
What did Stallman set out to create after leaving the work on the LISP machine
A
“GNU’s Not Unix”
8
Q
How did Stallman ensure GNU would remain free
A
enlisted the help of a lawyer and drafted a new software license, called the GNU General Public License, or GPL.
9
Q
To create his new OS which other OS did Torvalds base it on
A
Minix, a Unix-like operating system developed by Andrew Tanenbaum.
10
Q
Jerry ___ and David ____ founded Yahoo
A
Yang, Filo
11
Q
9/11 and the 2001 elections are often blamed for
A
The Dot Com Crash
12
Q
This programing language was originally called Oak
A
Java
13
Q
Steve Jobs founded what company after being fired from Apple?
A
NeXT
14
Q
Who proposed a new programing language named oak, later renamed JAVA
A
James Gosling
15
Q
What time did apple release the imac?
A
1998
16
Q
What does imac stand for
A
Internet Macintosh
17
Q
What department sued microsoft for its anti-competitive tactics
A
US Department of Justice
18
Q
What was the first successful mobile portable computer
A
The Osborne 1
19
Q
What does the term GPS stand for
A
Global Positioning System
20
Q
What is a web blog
A
A type of website that allowed users to post content easily without managing a server or knowing HTML
21
Q
What was netscapes business model?
A
It was to giveaway a free browser to individual users, but charge large corporations a license fee for the browser and their server software
22
Q
Who founded YAHHO
A
Jerry Yang and David Filo
23
Q
When was Yahoo founded
A
1993
24
Q
who can make webpages on the worldwide web
A
anyone with access to a own webpages
25
who determined that if a page had inbound links then it must contain relevant information
Larry Page and Sergey Brin
26
Who created Google
Larry Page and Sergey Brin
27
What happened to most of the dotcom websites
They ended up collapsing
28
Which companies were successful after the dotcom bubble
Facebook
29
What is JAVA's original name?
OAK
30
What did the first web pages contain?
static images and images and text
31
What was the NeXT program based off of?
BSD Unit
32
What is iMac?
internet Macintosh
33
How would one create a web page?
1). Craft an HTML-file by writing the code manually or using a GUI-based authoring tool 2). Post it to a web server
34
How would one view a web page?
by using a web browser
35
The ____________ was one of the earliest examples that showed the line between content consumption and content creation was beginning to blur
web blog (allowed the user to view content and post it without managing a server or knowing HTML)
36
Who invented Wikipedia?
Ward Cunningham in 1995
37
Wikipedia is most similar to a ______
blog post as they are both easy to read/edit
38
What is crowdsourcing?
spreading the workload across a widely distributed audience
39
How is Wikipedia an example of crowdsourcing?
because anyone from anywhere can edit the text if errors are spotted to correct them
40
The term "wiki" is derived from the Hawaiian word wikiwiki which means what?
"quick"
41
What is Web 2.0?
term to describe a more interactive site that encourages reading and publishing
42
Examples of Web 2.0 include?
Wikipedia, blog posts, social media, Friendster, & MySpace
43
What were the first two social networking services that gained prominence and were launched in 2003?
Friendster and MySpace
44
What do all social networking services have in common?
the ability for users to create a profile that could be linked to friends and others
45
Problems with social networking services from the beginning of its creation to modern day
lack of authentication; no way to stop anyone from creating fake profiles
46
Who created Facebook?
Mark Zuckerburg
47
What were Mark Zuckerburg's two social websites at Harvard before Facebook?
Course Match (to compare course schedules) and Facemash (rating people based on physical attractiveness)
48
After taking what class did Zuckerburg decide to create Facebook?
graph theory
49
What did Zuckerburg base the electronic version of Facebook on?
the "face book" which was a printed student directory published by Harvard
50
What Facebook originally called?
thefacebook.com
51
True or False? Thefacebook was open for public use as it was a general-purpose social network.
False. Despite being a general purpose social network, Zuckerburg originally had restricted access to the site to only those with an @harvard.edu email address
52
Why did Zuckerburg originally limit the access to Thefacebook to those at Harvard?
to decrease the chances of users creating fake profiles
53
In 2005, after moving to California a year prior, how did Thefacebook name change?
there is no longer a "the" so it became facebook.com
54
How did users react to the New Feed feature regarding Facebook?
they felt it violated their privacy as others could automatically see changes made to their profile, however, most kept it on even after Facebook gave them the option to disable it
55
What is the world's most widely used social media platform?
Facebook
56
Instagram was first made available as a what before being ported to a web browser as well?
smartphone app in 2010
57
What social media app did Facebook acquire in 2012?
Instagram
58
How is GPS an important component to the smartphone business models?
several business models use GPS to be effective and achieve their desired purpose
59
Examples of GPS and smartphone features in business models
OpenTable app-- allows users to locate and make reservations at restaurants near them and rideshare apps use the GPS to locate potential drivers nearby
60
Were the first tablets introduced too different from phones?
No, they just had larger screens and did not have all the capabilities
61
Where is the term tablet from? (Hint: older product of Windows)
the "tablet PC" that supported a stylus and handwriting recognition software
62
How is the Microsoft Surface Pro (a tablet) similar to that of a computer?
it has a detachable keyboard
63
Apple programming to create apps for iPhone and iPad device typically use what two programming languages?
Objective C or Swift
64
What programming language do Android apps use?
Java
65
Why was Java the common programming language for Android apps?
because it was already common among other devices/people so it lowered the learning curve needed to create apps for Android
66
What company created Java?
Sun Microsystems
67
What company acquired Sun Microsystems in 2009?
Oracle
68
Oracle vs. Google
Oracle demanded the Google pay billions of dollars in royalty payments to them because of Google's use of Java on the Android platform; primarily about Google copying the Java API (application programming interface), court ruled in favor of Google
69
What is an API or application programming interface?
a set of programming instructions the one makes available to another to facilitate the development of software
70
What is cloud computing?
one organization pays for time and storage on another company's computer-- allows other companies to lease time on their computers for a monthly fee
71
What law is one of the many reasons why long-distance timesharing services failed in the early 1970s'?
Moore's Law
72
How did Intel slow down the clock speeds of it processors while increasing its overall performance?
through multicore processors-- putting two or more processor cores onto a single microchip
73
What is Moore's Law?
an observation, made by Intel founder Gordon Moore, that the number of transistors that
can fit on a processor will double every eighteen months—meaning there will be a steady increase in
computing power over time.
74
How did Moore's Law prove unreliable in the early 2000s' ?
1). the super tiny transistors began to leak charge thorugh their insulating materials 2). the chips' high clock speeds consumed more power, generating more heat so it needed much more sophisticated cooling systems
75
Cloud computing is most beneficial to ______ businesses
small
76
Netflix now uses what service for its infrastructure after shutting down its own data center
Amazon Web Services (AWS)
77
What is virtualization?
refers to the ability to run multiple instances of an operating system on a single computer as if they were running on multiple separate computers-- can create separate virtual machines for individual users so they each have a dedicated part of the cloud
78
Virtualizations was used in what IBM mainframe computer?
IBM/370
79
What is Software as a Service (SaaS)?
a form of cloud computing in which users run an app through a web browser
rather than installing it locally on their computer by paying a fee
80
Early form of Software as a Service
Salesforce.com
81
What was the first product of Salesforce.com?
a "customer relationship management" application that allowed traveling salespeople to keep track of customers/appointments from their laptops to not burden the home office with all the data
82
Examples of Software as a Service (SaaS)
Hotmail (Outlook.com), Gmail, Google Docs/Sheets, Microsoft 365, Adobe, Photoshop, and Acrobat
83
What technological companies flourished during COVID-19?
Zoom, Amazon, & Netflix
84
Tech companies that suffered during COVID-19
ride-sharing services, such as Uber and Lyft
85
What is Blockchain?
an online ledger
86
What is a ledger?
a book containing a list of financial transactions
87
What is one aspect of Blockchain that makes it different from traditional ledgers?
each entry contains a "hash" (sequence of bytes) derived from mathematically from the contents of the previous entry-- cannot be deleted or modified allowing for complete transparency
88
What is Bitcoin?
a form of digital currency not associated with any government but is associated with Blockchain as it used to track the ownership of bitcoins
89
Who invented Blockchain and Bitcoin?
Satoshi Nakamto (most likely a pseudonym)
90
What does NFT stand for?
non-fugible (meaning unique in this context) tokens (meaning the digital certificate of ownership)
91
What is blockchain used for regarding NFTs?
ownership of any given NFT
92
True or False? NFTs are the same as each other, the same as two one dollar bills
False, each NFT is practically a digital artifact that cannot be duplicated
93
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
the science and practice of developing algorithms that allow computers to perform
actions that normally require human intelligence today, research in AI has
resulted in self-driving cars and virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa; however, achieving true human-level
intelligence continues to be an elusive goal.
94
What programming language is associated with AI?
LISP
95
Who is the founder of the GNU project that worked in the field of AI?
Richard Stallman
96
Rodney Brooks developed what?
Baxter, a versatile industrial robot
97
What is machine learning (ML)?
a branch of artificial intelligence in which the algorithm is fed lots of “training data”
containing inputs and expected outputs; the algorithm then extrapolates the training data to new inputs.
98
Examples of AI using machine learning
Siri and Alexa responding to your voice and ChatGPT
99
What did Elon Musk announce in 2021 regarding Tesla?
they are working on a line of intelligent robots
100
In a traditional electronic computer how are bits represented?
by a 1 or 0 (high or low voltage)
101
In a quantum computing how are bits represented?
by the postitions of electrons within an atom
102
What was Mark Zuckerberg studying for his freshman year at Harvard College?
Computer science
103
When did Zuckerberg released the electronic face book?
2/1/2004
104
When was "News feed" added to Facebook
In 2006
105
What did the feature "News Feed" allowed users to do?
It allowed user to automatically see recent changes to their friends' profiles.
106
How did Facebook respond to resistance from some users to the "News Feed"?
Facebook responded by granting users the option to disable the News Feed.
107
Why has facebook come under fire?
For its role in the spread of misinformation
108
What lawsuit is the Federal Trade Commission pursuing against Facebook?
An anti-trust lawsuit
109
What type of unique abilities did social networks wanted from smartphones?
Built-in cameras and geolocation features
110
Why did Facebook acquire Instagram in 2012?
Because it was very popular
111
What combination led to the creation of business models?
A smartphone with a GPS
112
What are some ridesharing apps?
Uber and Lyft
113
How do Uber and Lyft make use of the smartphone's GPS?
Uber and Lyft make use of the smartphone's GPS to locate potential drivers nearby.
114
what decade did Richard Stallman work as a programmer
at the Artificial Intelligence (AI) Lab at MIT
1980s
115
Who had provided most of the funding for the AI lab where LISP was created?
the US military
116
Who was Richard Stallman in the early 1980s?
He was a programmer at the AI lab in MIT
117
What was the name of the machine in the MIT AI lab?
LISP
118
What did the LISP machine do?
It was an operating system designed to facilitate writing and run programs in the LISP programming language
119
Who provided funding for the LISP machine before the Vietnam war?
The US military
120
How did the LISP machine receive funding after the Vietnam War?
Commercial sponsorship
121
What changed when Symbololics hired programmers from the AI lab to develop improvements for the LISP machine?
The enhancements had to be secret
122
Why did Stallman not like the secrecy of the enhancements?
It went against his code of ethics
123
What did "Free" mean in the context of Stallmans code of ethics?
Freedom. Not free of charge, but open to use by anyone
124
What did Stallman make his operating system run on?
UNIXw
125
What does GNU stand for
"GNU's Not UNIX"
126
Did Richard Stallman have a beard?
Yeah, and a pretty groovy one at that.
127
What did Stallman want his operating system to be?
Free and open for anyone to use, and widely known.
128
Who developed Minix?
Andrew Tanenbaum
129
What was Tanenbaum's occupation?
He was a Computer Science Professor at Vrije University in Amsterdam
130
Who created the Linux Kernel?
Linus Torvalds
131
how long did it take to set up predominantly universities?
2 years
132
what did the set up of web servers provide?
more content
133
how did users predominetly navigate?
they used hyperlinks instead of mouses
134
what time frame was Mosaic created?
1992-1993
135
who invented Mosaic?
Marc Andreesen and Eric Bina,
136
where was Mosiac invented?
University of Illinois
137
True or false? Mosaic only ran on one type of computer?
False it ran on Windows, Macintosh, and Unix
138
what year was Mosiac a "killer app"?
1990s
139
what decade was VisiCalc a "killer app"?
1970s
140
what university did Andreesen leave to found Netscape?
University of Illinois
141
what new code did Andreesen write after leaving University of Illinois?
Netscape
142
what company did Andreesen found?
Netscape Communications communications
143
what new browser was released September 1994?
Net navigator
144
how many people used netscape at the end of 1994?
10,000
145
how many times had Net Navigator been downloaded in 1995?
15 million times
