Art Section 1 Flashcards
What art form was the MOST important in establishing the identity of the emerging U.S.?
Portraiture
What is the primary purpose of art history?
To understand a work of art in its original context
Aesthetics is BEST defined as
Study of the nature and expression of beauty
What is NOT typically included in the category of fine art?
Pottery
What art forms are most often considered craft art?
Posters and tattoos
The meaning of artwork is NOT
Fixed
Art analysis that focuses specifically on the visual elements of an artwork?
Formal
An art critic using formal analysis would be MOST interested in the
Work of art itself
The broadest definition of contextual analysis is
Outside information important to a work of art
An art element that is LEAST different in a reproduction of an artwork
Composition
What field of study is BEST suited for cultures that rely on oral rather than written history
Anthropology
What ancient Roman philosopher analyzed historical artworks in “Natural History”?
Pliny the Elder
Giorgio Vasari’s “The Lives of the Artists” outlined the
developing roles of artists in society
Johann Joachim Winckelmann was notable for shifting art history to focus on?
Stylistic development
Why do modern art historians focus more on ancient Egyptian art rather than ancient West African art?
Egypt’s climate allows ancient art to be preserved for longer than in West Africa
The Chauvet Cave paintings are found in modern-day?
France
What animals appear in the cave paintings at Lascaux and Altamira?
lions, bison, horses, mammoths
What function did the statue “The Venus of Willendorf” likely serve?
fertility figure
What development first caused Europeans in the Middle Stone Age to move away from cave dwellings?
An increase in temperatures prompted a transition to rock shelters
Stonehenge is a classic example of artistic production from the?
New Stone Age
The sarsen at Stonehenge is a type of?
Sandstone
Why did ancient Mesopotamia witness more invasions than ancient Egypt?
Mesopotamia lacked Egypt’s natural protections
Ancient Sumerian ziggurats were both temples and
Economic hubs
Hammurabi is known most today for his surviving
Law code (Code of Hammurabi)
What group ruled Mesopotamia first?
the Akkadians
The Ishtar Gate is known for its depictions of?
animal figures
What city was home to the Persian Empire’s most famous royal palace?
Persepolis
The Egyptian artistic practice of showing influential people as larger in works is known as?
Hierarchical scale
What Egyptian pharaoh’s tomb is most significant today?
Tutankhamun’s
What civilization existed first?
Cycladic
The Minoan civilization flourished on the island of?
Crete
What art form was NOT prevalent in the Cycladic civilization?
Iron pendants
The Minoans’ greatest architectural projects were the construction of several
Palaces
How did Archaic Greek art differ MOST from that of ancient Egyptians?
Archaic Greek art prioritized accurate depiction of human features
“Contrapposto” is BEST described as a technique in which a
Figure leans on one leg to create a greater sense of realism
The Parthenon’s restoration is the most famous architectural achievement of the
Middle Classical Period
What region had the most influence on Greek culture during the Hellenistic Period?
Asia Minor
Modern art historians’ primary sources for Etruscan art are?
decorated tombs
The ancient Romans pioneered the use of?
Concrete
Why did Roman sculpture depart from naturalistic depictions of human figures?
Roman sculptors created idealized depictions that were in line with broader societal values
What art media is most closely associated with the Byzantine period?
Mosaics
The dominant literary language in medieval western Europe was?
Latin
Hiberno-Saxon refers to an artistic and cultural overlap of the English, Irish, and the
Vikings
What church is an important example of Romanesque architecture?
Saint-Sernin Basilica
What artist is most associated with the transition between the Gothic and Renaissance periods?
Giotto di Bondone
Who designed the “Gates of Paradise”?
Lorenzo Ghiberti
What artist first popularized linear perspective?
Masaccio
Donatello is best known for his?
David
Michelangelo di Buonarotti sculpted what statues?
“Moses”, “The Bound Slave”, “The Dying Slave”, “David”
Leonardo da Vinci pioneered
sfumato
What artist is best known for introducing nude statues to the Renaissance?
Donatello
Why was Michelangelo di Buonarotti initially hesitant to accept the commission to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel?
The pope had canceled the previous commission
What artist is best known for the use of chiaroscuro?
Tintoretto
How did “The Tempest” most revolutionize Renaissance art?
by highlighting the landscape
Titian Vecelli was best known for his?
portraits
What artist is most known for depictions of the Madonna?
Raphael Sanzio
How did the Reformation most affect Renaissance art?
It encouraged artists to focus on secular themes
What artist is best known for his association with the Counter-Reformation?
Dominikos Theotokopoulos (aka El Greco)
The Renaissance in Northern and Southern Europe differed
Artworks in the north were smaller, classical art influenced southern artists, northern art was more detailed, northern artists used more oil paints
Matthias Grunewald is best know for art depicting?
Religious scenes
The term “caravaggesque” refers to the use of?
Chiaroscuro
Who engraved “The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse”?
Albrecht Durer
Hans Holbein the Younger was a court painter in?
England
True statement in comparing Baroque and the Renaissance
Baroque art was more dynamic than Renaissance art
Who painted the “Isenheim Altarpiece”?
Matthias Grunewald
Why did several patrons reject Caravaggio’s works?
The paintings depicted religious figures and other individuals in threadbare garments
Artemisia Gentileschi is best known for?
Her religious art
Who created “Ecstasy of Saint Teresa”?
Gianlorenzo Bernini
What Baroque artist came from Northern Europe?
Peter Paul Rubens
What monarch approved the creation of the “Salon”?
King Louis XIV
Diego Velazquez painted for
King Philip IV
Diego Velazquez most influenced?
Impressionism
The Baroque style mainly focused on portraying?
emotions
Who developed the fete galante genre of painting?
Jean-Antoine Watteau
Who most influenced the works of Honore Fragonard?
Francois Boucher
What historical event most coincided with the development of Neoclassicism?
French Revolution of 1789
What branch of philosophy most influenced Neoclassicism?
Enlightenment
How did Jacques Louis David’s paintings for Napoleon Bonaparte differ from his earlier works?
He previously championed republican virtues, but his paintings for Napoleon Bonaparte were akin to propaganda
Jean Dominque Ingres’s rival worked in the style of
Romanticism (his rival was Eugene Delacroix)
The Baroque style and the Romantic style shared an emphasis on?
emotion
Realism can be considered a reaction to?
Neoclassicism and Romanticism
What Realist artwork caused outrage at the Salon?
“The Stonebreakers” by Gustave Courbet’s
Impressionism arose out of disillusionment with?
Academic painting
Who is considered the first Impressionist?
Edouard Manet
Why was “Luncheon on the Grass” scandalous?
It featured a nude woman surrounded by clothed men
Who painted the artwork that is the namesake of the Impressionist movement?
Claude Monet painted “Impression, Sunrise” in 1872
Impressionist artists applied new scientific knowledge related to?
Shadows
How did Paul Cezanne modify Impressionist painting practices?
He stuctured his compositions in terms of form
What element most unifies Post-Impressionism?
Color
Who painted “Night Cafe”?
Vincent van Gogh
Before his art career, Paul Gauguin was a
stockbroker
How did the invention of the camera affect the art world?
Artists eventually moved away from realism
The Pre-Raphaelites primarily responded to the?
Industrial Revolution
What art movement is Henri Matisse most associated with?
Fauvism
What artist contributed to the De Stijl movement?
Piet Mondrian
What is the De Stijl movement?
Abstract art with geometric elements, primary colors, and values
How did the Armory Show affect American art?
It acquinted Americans with modern art movements
What art work belongs in the Dadaist movement?
Duchamp’s “Fountain” (ridiculing societal norms)
What artist is most associated with Surrealism?
Rene Magritte
What type of works is Marcel Duchamp best known for?
ready-mades
What artist served on the faculty of the Bauhaus?
Josef Albers
Cubism was most associated with theories of ?
Psychology
The Pre-Raphaelites most strongly influenced?
Art Nouveau
Where did the center for international art shift after World War II?
New York
Art that addressed WWI was often?
Propagandistic
Whose dictum did Abstract Expressionist artists follow?
Kandinsky’s
What artist was known for creating “combines”/
Robert Rouschenberg
What statement best explains why 1950s New York art critics were powerful?
Critics chose which view of art itself to promote
What artist painted using stencils?
Robert Indiana
What art movement depicted subject matter in sharp focus?
Photorealism
Hard-edge painting developed with the invention of?
airbrushes
What change is most associated with the artworld of the 1970s?
Creation of large-scale and temporary artworks
What type of art was Christo known for?
Earthworks
To execute large projects in collaboration with her partner, Jeanne-Claude was responsible for?
logistics
Performance Art, by nature, is?
transitory
How do the Guerrilla Girls conceal their identity?
Wearing masks in public
What building contains a specific retaliation against Bauhaus architecture?
At&T building
Postmoderist art is best described as
Varied in form and style
What dynasty is considered China’s golden age?
Tang Dynasty
What emperor had sculptures of his entire army buried with him?
Emperor of Qin
What ancient civilization influenced images of Buddha in India?
Greece
What country has the greatest linguistic diversity?
India
What religion influenced the art of ancient China, India, and Japan?
Buddhism
What civilization most influenced the Yoruba cultural group?
Nok
In what country would you most likely find a Benin artifact?
United States
What art form most often preserved Polynesian body arts before the invention of photography?
Engravings
One of the Asmat tribe’s cultural symbols is a ______ decorated red, black, and white?
Shields
Located in Jerusalem, one of the oldest and most famous examples of Islamic architecture is the?
Dome of the Rock
A false fact about Islamic art and architecture?
Most Islamic art is figurative
What structure is a North American pyramid?
Pyramid of the Sun, located in Mexico
Most artifacts from the Americas are from at the most the last
2,000 years
Curving lines create feelings of
activity
Why did Medieval churches usually have high arched ceilings?
To direct the eye upward
The use of shading, foreshortening, and perspective call all create the illusion of?
Form
Sculptures that project strongly from a surface are said to be in
High relief
Use of aerial perspective affect the color of objects that are far away by?
Making them appear more neutral in color
What era’s paintings frequently feature black and white checkerboard floors?
Renaissance
Who developed the concepts that underly the color wheel?
Isaac Newton
What term is synonymous with the lightness or darkness of a color?
Value
Optical color considers
effects of special lighting on a color
In painting, the term rhythm is most associated with?
pattern
Smallest unit of pattern is
motif
Most formal styles of architecture employ
exact symmetry
When were the standards for the relative sizes of parts of the human face & body developed?
Classical period
By standard rules of proportion, how tall is the ideal human figure?
Seven and one-half heads
An artist desiring a thin, light line will use?
a hard pencil
Ink can be diluted to create a
Wash (lighter in value due to translucent quality)
What media is more durable than pastels but has similar blending properties?
Colored pencil
Etching and engraving are similar in that both processes
Cause the printed area to rise above the paper’s surface
What process is an example of relief printmaking?
Stamping
What materials can be used in lithography?
wax, stone, zince, aluminum
Why might lithography be more popular than other methods of engravinge?
It requires no professional training
What materials allows paint to adhere to a surface?
Binder
To create a fresco, powdered pigment is mixed with?
Plaster
What substance does tempera traditionally use as a binder?
Egg
Oil paint applied in thick layers or lumps results in?
Impasto
What type of paint was developed most recently?
Acrylic
How did photography influence the art world?
Pushed painters to explore completely new styles
Chiseling away of a stone sculpture is an example of?
Carving
What art procedure is an example of modeling?
clay added to the surface of an object
In cast form, the original form is?
Encased in plaster
What type of art is most commonly considered to be a form of sculpture?
environmental
Joseph Cornell was notable for?
Filling open boxes with symbolic objects
In what form is clay most shaped and then stacked to create different vessels?
Coil
Slip refers to?
Liquid clay
What function is the most important use of the kiln in pottery?
removing moisture out of the clay
Glassblowing allowed for?
creation of glass vessels
Architecture is best defined as?
art of designing and constructing buildings
The Greek-Parthenon is an example of?
Post-and-lintel construction
Antoni Gaudi’s architectural style can best be described as?
Organic
Church’s role in the art world during the Medieval period can best be described as?
Significant patron of the classical arts
An institution or person who commissions an artist to make an artwork is the artist’s
patron
Formal analysis of an artwork focuses on that work’s
visual qualities
Which present day country is home to the Pyramid of the Sun?
Mexico
Which of the following ancient Romans wrote a key work of art history?
Pliny the Elder
A major branch of art history interprets art through philosophy written and later inspired by
Karl Marx
Which of the formal qualities of art is the most fundamental?
Line
An open area within a form creates a
Negative space
Which type of perspective BEST accounts for the presence of fog or smoke in a scene?
Aerial perspective
Violet-blue and yellow-green are examples
tertiary colors
An artist mixing pink paint on a palette will combine
A primary color (red) and a neutral (white)
Which of the following terms describes the illusion of texture created on a two-dimensional surface?
Visual texture
The individual elements that make up a pattern are called
Motifs
A place at which the eye lingers when viewing a composition is a
Focal point
Shading by making a pattern of dots in a drawing creates
Stippling
Due to the nature of the medium, auction houses will often use the term “multiples” to describe
Prints
Which of the following mathematical terms can also be used to describe a printing plate?
Matrix
Twentieth-century American artist Joseph Cornell worked most often in
Mixed media
Liquid clay used to join slabs of clay while creating a ceramic artwork is called
Slip
A primary goal of the Crystal Palace was to
showcase British engineering
The two main colors of the Chauvet Cave paintings are
red and black
Which Roman goddess lends her name to the Woman of Willendorf
Venus
Which present-day country in the British Isles is home to Stonehenge
England
Which of the following ancient civilizations is MOST closely associated with Ziggurats
Sumer
Whose legal code is the oldest that has remained intact to the present day?
Hammurabi’s
A 1922 excavation uncovered the long-hidden tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh
Tutankhamun
Doric and Ionic are types of
columns
The earliest Roman art reflected the influence of the
Etruscans
Which of the following media is MOST closely associated with Byzantine art?
mosaic
Which of the following places is the MOST likely location for a keystone?
The top of an arch
Giotto di Bondone lived in the Italian city-state of
Florence
Which of the following artworks is ALSO by the painter of the Mona Lisa
The Last Supper
Which of the following Popes commissioned Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel?
Julius II
