arousal and anxiety Flashcards
Chamberlain, S. T. & Hale, B. D. (2007) article-
- impact of different types of anxiety intensity, direction and self confidence
- Cognitive anxiety intensity, negative linear relationship with performance
- somatic anxiety intensity, curvilinear relationship with performance
- self-confidence intensity, positive linear relation.
- Cognitive directional anxiety illustrated a positive linear relationship with putting performance.
- direction (42% of variance) was a better predictor of performance than intensity (22%)
what is arousal
A state of activation that varies on a continuum from deep sleep to intense excitement
what is anxiety
Negative emotional state with feelings of nervousness & worry associated with the performance of a task
what is trait anxiety
- general reelings of anxiety across all situations
- A-trait
what is state anxiety
- situation-specific apprehension/anxiety
- A-state
what is associated with high trait anxiety
high state anxiety
cognitive anxiety
- what is it
- examples
- The mental component of anxiety -
– Worry
– Negative thoughts
– Feelings of nervousness or apprehension
somatic anxiety
- what is it
- examples
- what is it dependent on
- what drugs can be taken to reduce it
- Perception of physical state
– Increased respiration
– Increased sweating
– Increased heart rate
– Physical nervousness (e.g., shaking, tense muscles) - perception as physiological changes arent always present or as intense as perceived
- Beta blockers that reduce physiological effects
difference between anxiety intensity and direction
- how elite and amateur players differ in anxiety
- intensity is how much anxiety one feels
- direction is ones interpretation of anxiety as being facilitative or debilitating to performance
- anxiety intensity similar but self confidence and direction of elite likely to be facilitative
what is stress
- what causes it
- the Perceived demands of the situation and internal thoughts of ability to meet the demands
- similar to anxiety
- if performer thinks demand is higher than their ability so causes anxiety and stress
what is the 4 step stress cycle
1 - environmental demands
2- perception of demands
3- cognitive and somatic stress reaction
4- the performance produced
drive theory
- what is it
- impact on different level performers
- higher arousal, higher likelihood of dominant response
- higher skill level, higher likely correct dominant response, so high arousal would lead to dominant response
inverted u theory
- what is it
- what can cause optimal arousal to vary
- Increased arousal improves performance up to a point, then further increases impair performance
- vary from personality, skill level, task, sport
individual zones of optimal functioning (IZOP)
- Each athlete has a zone/bandwidth of optimal anxiety in which they perform best - depend on skill, personality, level of performance
multidimensional anxiety theory
- what does it distinguish the difference between and what is the difference
- cognitive and somatic anxiety
- higher cognitive, lower performance
- somatic is an inverted U
catastrophe theory
- explain the graph
- performance increases with cognitive anxiety, until a point where cognitive anxiety and arousal are high and a rapid dramatic decline in performance occurs
- athletes must regain control of arousal to recover performance to sub optimal
- if not performance continues to fall
control model of anxiety-
- what is it
- why is it different to other theories
- stress occurs, the perception of our ability to control the environment and ourselves determines the anxiety response
- if think you can control and succeed, anxiety interpreted as facilitative
- if don’t think you can control and succeed, anxiety interpreted as debilitative
- considers anxiety direction which has been shown to be a better predictor of performance than intensity
limitations of drive theory
- Too simplistic - cant explain…
- why elite athletes sometimes choke under pressure
- why novice athletes sometimes excel when under pressure or anxious conditions.
limitations of inverted u
- Unlikely that performance decreases in a smooth declining arc as over-arousal more likely to lead to a vertical plummet, eg. lyth and speith
limitations of individual zones of optimal functioning
- a real eg. proving this limitation
- doesnt explain the differences between athletes
- doesn’t explain why the same athlete may have variations in performance at the same emotional intensity, eg. a pen in the same situation but a different outcome (Ronaldo)
limitations of multidimensional anxiety theory
- assumes cognitive anxiety is always bad
- assumes a smooth decline in performance, eg. lyth and speith
limitations of catastrophe theory
- very difficult to test and research because its almost impossible to recreate the environment and feeling in research
limitations of control model of anxiety
- Doesn’t explain the anxiety-performance relationship
limitation of all theories
All theories do not detail how anxiety and arousal impact/exert their effects on performance
how can you measure arousal and anxiety
- questionnaires
- changes in HR, respiration, skin temp, cortisol levels
advantages and disadvantages of physiological measures
- can make direct comparisons
- get quantifiable results
- expensive
- need training
- not anxiety specific
advantages and disadvantages of self report questionnaires
- cheap
- easy
- can distinguish between different types of anxiety
- can include bias
- hard to compare
- scales can be limiting and misunderstood
how arousal and anxiety can impact muscle tension and coordination
- cause soreness, pains
- can reduce coordination
- require more mental and muscular effort
how arousal and anxiety can impact attention and concentration
- over narrow atention
- force dominant response
- can be good as increases focus on the task
implications of Arousal and anxiety for Coaches and sport psychologists
- need to psych athletes up to optimal level (not always max)
- need to know athletes’ sources of anxiety and try to help
- create a positive team environment to reduce anxiety
- get to know players and help with life problems which may impact performance an d anxiety
- establish realistic goals
- pre-performance routines
- imagery and self talk (anxiety management techniques)
what is panic disorder
- physical symptoms
- an anxiety disorder that causes acute unrealistic and unfounded fear and anxiety
- short breath, dizziness, increased hr, sweating, faintness
6 different anxiety scales
- Beck’s Anxiety Inventory (BAI)
- Depression Anxiety Stress Scale
- Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A)
- Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS)
- The Patient Health Questionnaire - 9 (PHQ-9)
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder - 7 (GAD-7) - shorter screening measures used in medical and community settings
link between sedentary behaviour and anxiety and depression
- sed behav associated with anxiety and depression risk
impact of pa on anxiety and depressive disorders
- high pa, reduced anxiety, panic attacks and depressive disorders
- low pa, higher likelihood
impact of exercise withdrawl
anxiety, depressive symptoms, fatigue, low self esteem, general mood, and general well being
should exercise be used as treatment for anxiety and depression
- is proved to be as good as treatment, not better so should be used alongside therapy for eg.
what is depression
state of extreme sadness and low vitality, often with physical symptoms
ways to assess depression
- Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI)
- Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D)
- EQ-5D (>16 years: 8-15 years versions)
- Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)
age-specific depression assessments
- Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI)
- Children’s Depression Rating Scale
- Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-report (QIDS-SR)
- PHQ-9
- SF-36
- Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)
- Life Satisfaction Index
