APUSHch9 Flashcards
sectionalism
a devotion to the interests of one geographic region over the interests of the country as a whole
Daniel Webster
The East, the West, the North, and the stormy South all combine to throw the whole ocean into commotion, to toss its billows to the skies, and to disclose its profoundest depths.
Industrial Revolution
Originally centered in the textile industry, but as part of this revolution, by the 1830s, the northern factories were producing all types of goods
unions
Low wages and unsafe working conditions cause workers to revolt and group together. The first of these was founded in Philadelphia, 1828. Improvement for workers was limited by periodic depressions, employers and courts which were hostile to ______, and a lot of cheap immigrant labor.
Commonwealth v. Hunt
1842- A Massachusetts Supreme Court case regarding the issue of worker unions; it ruled that unions were not illegal conspiracies provided that their actions were honorable and peaceful. While this did not legalize the worker strikes, it was a milestone for later acts regarding worker unions.
Cyrpus McCormick
Inventor of the mechanical reaper (1834)
John Deere
inventor of the steel plow in 1837 that cut plowing time in half which made cultivation of larger acreages possible
new cities
villages at key transportation and transfer points on major rivers that processed farm products for shipment to the East and distributed manufactured goods from the East to different parts of the region
Irish; potato famine
A famine in 1840s when the main crop of Ireland, potatoes, was destroyed by disease. Irish farmers grew other food items, such as wheat and oats, but Great Britain required them to export those items to them, leaving nothing for the Irish to live on. As a result, over 1 million Irish died of starvation or disease, while millions of others migrated to the United States.
Germans
Immigrant group which came to US to escape economic hardships and the failure of democratic revolution. Most moved westward. Strong supporters of education. Opponents of slavery.
Old Northwest
Region north and west of the Ohio River, included Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, MIchigan, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota
immigration
Major increase of this was seen in the US in 1830s onwards because of: development of inexpensive and faster ocean transportation, famines and revolutions in Europe, and the growing reputation of the US as a country offering economic opportunities and political freedom
Nativists
Americans who feared that immigrants would take jobs and impose their Roman Catholic beliefs on society
American Party
Developed from the order of the Star Spangled Banner and was made up of nativists. This party was organized due to its secretiveness and in 1865 nominated the ex-president Fillmore. These super-patriots were antiforeign and anti-Catholic and adopted the slogan “American’s must rule America!”
King Cotton
Expression used by Southern authors and orators before Civil War to indicate economic dominance of Southern cotton industry, and that North needed South’s cotton. Coined by James Hammond
Eli Whitney
A mechanical genius who invented the cotton gin, which was machine that separated the cotton from the seed. This greatly improved efficiency, and the South was able to clear more acres of cotton fields, which also increased the demand for slaves.
peculiar institution
A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose Declaration of Independence states that “all men are created equal”. It was one of the key causes of the Civil War.
Denmark Vesey; Nat Turner
Denmark Vesey, 1822 slave uprising Nat Turner, 1831 slave uprising
*gave hope to slaves, tightened slave restrictions
slave codes
Laws that were passed in the South to control the lives of enslaved African Americans and deny them basic rights. Prohibited slaves from marrying, learning to read and write, and leave their master’s property without a pass.
free African Americans
African Americans who were free citizens; majority lived in cities where they could own property, however they were still not considered equal with whites. They were not allowed to vote or travel freely in the South. They were denied the ability to hold many professional jobs.
planters; poor whites; mountain men
planters had less than 20 slaves lived modestly, poor whites (3/4 of white southerners), still defended slavery because they hoped to have their own some day & at least they were superior to someone
the West
In the 1800s, this was the land beyond the Mississippi River, and reached as far as California and the Oregon Territory
the frontier
Represented the possibility of a fresh start and new opportunties. A place promising greater freedom for all ethnic groups.
Native American removal
Indian removal was a nineteenth century policy of the government of the United States to relocate Native American tribes living east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river; most emigrated reluctantly or were killed
Great Plains
Last retreat for Native Americans. Native Americans lived as nomads or in villages on these lands.
white settlers
In the west, this people group worked all day and lived in log cabins or improvised shelters. Shortened lifespan for men and women.
environmental damage
Overhunting and deforestation, along with poor farming methods caused this.
