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Psychology🧠 > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Humanistic approach?

A

Free will determines our behaviour

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2
Q

What is the Social Learning Theory?

A

Copying behaviours from role models

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3
Q

What is the Biological approach?

A

Biological make up of the body determines behaviour

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4
Q

What is the Cognitive approach?

A

Our thought processes influence our behaviour

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5
Q

What is the Psychodynamic approach?

A

Past experiences and unconscious urges influence the way we behave.

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6
Q

What is the Behaviourist approach?

A

Learning through rewards and punishment

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7
Q

What is Introspection?

A

First experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures (thoughts, images, sensations) - Wilhelm Wundt

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8
Q

Evaluate Wundt’s work

A

+ Methods used were well controlled and systematic, so scientific
- Using today’s criteria, the research would not be considered scientific (e.g self report methods)

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9
Q

What are classed as the two learning approaches?

A
  • Behaviourism
  • Social Learning
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10
Q

What are the 4 steps in Pavlov’s ‘Classical Conditioning’?
(Behaviourism)

A
  1. Unconditioned Stimulus >
    Unconditioned response
  2. Neutral Stimulus > No response
  3. Neutral + Unconditioned > Unconditioned Response
  4. Conditioned Stimulus > Conditioned Response
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11
Q

What does Watson’s ‘Little Albert experiment’ support?

A

Pavlov’s classical conditioning: made little Albert associate fur with being scared.

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12
Q

What are the two types of conditioning in behaviourism?

A

Classical: association
Operant: consequences

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13
Q

Skinner believed learning was an active process- he introduced ‘operant conditioning’, what are the 3 types?

A
  • Positive reinforcement
  • Negative reinforcement
  • Punishment
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14
Q

Define positive reinforcement

A

A reward is given for a desired behaviour

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15
Q

Define negative reinforcement

A

A negative consequence is removed after desired behaviour

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16
Q

Define punishment

A

A negative consequence is given for undesired behaviour

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17
Q

What did Skinners experiment involve ?

A

Used pigeons and rats in a box, had to press things, consequence may be an electric shock.

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18
Q

Evaluate Behaviourism

A

+ Scientific, controlled observed behaviour, based on experiments
- Doesn’t take free will into account, environmental determinism (of the dogs, baby, pigeons, rats)

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19
Q

Describe identification in terms of Bandura’s social learning theory

A

If a person has the same qualities as you e.g sex, age, interests, they are more likely to be a model and be imitated.

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20
Q

What are the Meditational Processes?

A

(ARMM)
1. Attention
2. Retention
3. Motor Reproduction
4. Motivation

1-2 is observation
3-4 is carrying out

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21
Q

Define attention

A

refers to the extent to which we notice certain behaviour

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22
Q

Define Retention

A

Refers to how well the noticed behaviours are remembered

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23
Q

Define Motor Reproduction

A

Ability of the observer to perform the behaviour that has been observed.

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24
Q

Define motivation

A

An individuals will to perform the behaviour, often determined by reward/punishment

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25
Q

What is Vicarious Reinforcement?

A

Imitation only occurs when the behaviour is seen as being rewarded.

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26
Q

Evaluate Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

A

+ Real world applications, explain cultural differences in behaviour
- Evidence was lab study based, may have demand characteristics

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27
Q

What are the 4 areas involved in The Cognitive Approach?

A
  • Assumptions
  • Schemas
  • Computer models
  • Cognitive neuroscience
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28
Q

Explain schemas in relation to the cognitive approach

A

-A mental framework of information and expectations
- A mental shortcut to prevent form being overwhelmed by the environment
- Get more detailed as we get older

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29
Q

Explain Assumptions in relation to the cognitive approach

A
  • Internal mental processes should be studied scientifically
  • Cognition is studied indirectly by making inferences about what is happening in people’s minds based on behaviour
30
Q

Explain ‘computer models’ in relation to the cognitive approach

A
  • Suggests the brain works in much the same way as a computer
  • We perform the same functions of interpreting, receiving, and responding
31
Q

Explain cognitive neuroscience in relation to the cognitive approach

A
  • Scientific study of biological structures relating to cognition
  • Use PET and fMRI scans for brain activity
32
Q

Evaluate the Cognitive Approach

A

+ Highly scientific by the use of brain scans and lab experiments
- The researchers create inferences and assumptions which can be subjective

33
Q

Explain ‘evolution’ in terms of the biological approach

A

-Based off of Darwin’s theory of natural selection, where the best survival characteristics are passed on to the offspring.
-The most desirable genes are chosen and they breed to produce better offspring

34
Q

Explain neurochemistry in relation to the biological approach

A

It’s thought that all of our thoughts and behaviour relies on chemical transmissions in the brain across a synapse using neurotransmitters.

35
Q

Describe ‘genetic basis’ in terms of the biological approach

A

Believed that psychological characteristics are inherited just like eye colour would be.
- Tested by twin and adoption studies

36
Q

Explain genotype and phenotype in terms of the biological approach

A

Genotype- unique genetic makeup that codes for phenotypes

Phenotypes- Genes are expressed physically

Biological psychologists accept both nature and nurture.

37
Q

Evaluate the Biological Approach

A

+ Real world application, use knowledge to understand disorders
- Our behaviour is shaped by biology, biological determinism, which ignores free will, excuses behaviour

38
Q

Briefly outline the twin and adoption studies within the biological approach

A

Twin- seeing the concordance rate of monozygotic and dizygotic twins with having disorders such as anorexia and schizophrenia

Adoption- seeing if adopted children have the same trait of crime as their biological parent with a criminal record, with never having met them.

39
Q

What is a concordance rate?

A

The proportion of pairs of individuals that share a particular attribute

40
Q

What are the 3 levels of consciousness within the ‘Psychodynamic approach’?

A
  • The Conscious: the small amount of mental activity we know about.
  • The Preconscious: the things we could be aware of if we tried.
  • The Unconscious:things we are unaware of (e.g instincts) that have an effect on our conscious mind.
41
Q

What is ‘Psychic determinism’?

A

Unconscious forces and drives that are inborn, control or determine behaviour

42
Q

What are the 3 parts of personality outlined in the psychodynamic approach and explain them?

A
  1. Id: Primitive years, gets what it wants, unconscious drives.
  2. Ego: Develops at age 2, sense of reality, aware of others feelings, defence mechanisms.
  3. Super Ego: Age 5, sense of right and wrong, develops moral standards of the same sex parent.
43
Q

Name and describe the 3 defence mechanisms within the psychodynamic approach

A
  • Repression: forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind e.g forgetting a pets death
  • Denial: refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality e.g going to work although fired
  • Displacement: transferring feelings of distress onto a substitute target e.g slamming the door out of anger from your girlfriend
44
Q

What are Freud’s 5 psychosexual stages that children have to go through.

A

-Oral stage
-Anal stage
-Phallic stage
-Latency stage
-Genital stage

45
Q

Outline the oral stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages

A

Years: 0-1
Erogenous Zone: mouth
Fixation: Sucking, over or under fed

Oral passive: (underfed) trusting, dependency
Oral aggressive: (over fed) aggressive, dominating

Generally sarcastic, critical

46
Q

Outline the anal stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages

A

Years: 1-3
Erogenous Zone: anus
Fixation: toilet training too harsh or lax

Anally retentive: tidy, stubborn, control
Anally expulsive: thoughtless, messy

47
Q

Outline the phallic stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages

A

Years: 3-6
Erogenous Zone: Genitals
Fixation: Not identifying with the same sex parent

Phallic personality: narcissistic, reckless, possibly homosexual, envy
Oedipus and Electra complex occur

48
Q

Outline the latency stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages

A

Years: 6-puberty
Erogenous Zone: none
Fixation: none

-A calm period where the desires are suppressed, no further psychosexual development occurs
-However, if the child lacks (socially, academically, etc) in this stage it may effect them as an adult.

49
Q

Outline the genital stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages

A

Years: puberty-maturity
Erogenous Zone: the opposite sex
Fixation: settling into a relationship

Becomes mature, sexual instincts, able to love

50
Q

Define ‘libido’ in relation to the psychosexual stages

A

A sexual drive or desire

51
Q

Define ‘erogenous zone’ in relation to Freud

A

A sensitive area on the body that causes sexual arousal

52
Q

Briefly describe the ‘Oedipus complex’ in stages

A
  1. Boy desires mother, wants sex
  2. Father is rival, wants to kill him
  3. Fears father will find out and castrate him
  4. In state of conflict, identifies with father instead
  5. Development of superego, now has desire for other women
53
Q

Briefly describe the ‘Electra complex’ in stages

A
  1. Girl sexually desires father
  2. Develops penis envy, blames mum for removing penis
  3. Mother is a sexual rival for dad
  4. Girl identifies with mother so she can have dad
  5. Superego develops, replaces penis envy for a desire for a baby
54
Q

What is Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages in terms of the fixation?

A

He believed that as children we have to overcome conflicts (stages), other wise we become fixated in this stage (stuck) and cannot progress, leading to certain characteristics as adults.

55
Q

Evaluate the Psychodynamic Approach

A

+ Case studies provide lots of detail
+ Real world application to psychoanalysis
- Not generalisable as only one child was used
- Not scientific, dreams are subjective

56
Q

Outline the ‘Little Hans’ case study by Freud (psychodynamic)

A

-Had dreams about imaginary children of his own, with the mother being his mum, wants sex with her
-Dreams of a plumber removing penis and replacing with a bigger one, castration anxiety.
-Fear of horses, representing his dad, moustache and big penis.

57
Q

What are the key points of the Humanistic Approach?

A

-All humans are unique
-We determine our own development

58
Q

Outline Maslow’s ‘Hierarchy of Needs’

A

Psychological Needs- food, water, sex
Safety Needs- protection
Belonging and love needs- family
Self esteem Needs- achievement
Cognitive Needs- think for ourselves
Aesthetic Needs- beauty
Self actualisation- personal growth

  • made for employers
59
Q

Outline Rogers in the humanistic approach

A
  1. Personal growth is determined by our concept of actual self and if that is congruent with ideal self.
  2. If too big a gap between these, self-actualisation is impossible due to negative feelings of the incongruence.
    3.To reduce the gap, Client-centred therapy is used to battle the low self esteem due to conditions of worth from childhood
  3. Therapists repeat what clients have said and give them unconditional positive regard
60
Q

Evaluate the Humanistic Approach

A

+Real world applications
+Positive approach
+Free will
-Subjective
-Difficult to apply

61
Q

What are the arguments we can compare the approaches on?

A

Nature vs Nurture
Determinism vs Free will
Reductionism vs Holism
Idiographic vs Nomothetic

62
Q

Explain determinism and the different types

A

Free will is an illusion and we have no control.
-Biological: determined by genes
-Environmental: forces outside the individual
-Psychic: result of childhood experiences and innate drives

Can be hard or soft

63
Q

Explain what Idiographic means?

A

Focus on the individual, personal experiences using case studies

64
Q

Explain what it means if something is Nomothetic

A

General laws, study of large groups, statistical techniques

65
Q

Explain Reductionism and the 2 types

A

Behaviour explained by breaking it down into simpler components.
-Biological: physical level e.g the brain
-Environmental: simple building blocks of stimulus response accosiation

66
Q

Explain Holism

A

Behaviour is viewed as a whole experience, not separate.

67
Q

Assumption of behaviourist approach

A

all behaviour is acquired and maintained through classical and operant conditioning

68
Q

Assumptions of social learning theory

A

Role models, identification, vicarious reinforcement, mediational processes

69
Q

Assumptions of cognitive approach

A

Mental processes separate form the brain, based on observations.

70
Q

Assumptions of the biological approach

A

All thoughts ideas and cognitive processes should be of biological origin

71
Q

Assumptions of the psychodynamic approach

A

Behaviour is determined by unconscious internal conflicts

72
Q

Assumptions of the humanistic approach

A

Have free will and a heirarchy of needs

Psychology🧠 (7 decks)

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