Appendix A: Evidence-Based Diet Prevention/Survival Flashcards
What “Diets” (Guidelines) are considered good for most Americans and Cancer Survivors, without any special instructions?
20-25 Dietary Guidelines for Americans
ACS’s Guideline to Diet and Physical Activity
AICR/WHO’s recommendations
20-25 Mediterranean-style diet Guidelines for Americans
What “Diets” (Guidelines) are considered good for most Americans and Cancer Survivors- WITH special instructions? What are the special instructions?
20-25 Healthy Vegetarian Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Vegan Diet
Intermittent Fasting
Ketogenic Diet
Vegetarian/Vegan diets need to be reviewed/optimized to be sure all nutrients are met – specifically protein needs
IF/Keto – should be seen by an RD to fully review if appropriate and make sure long-term nutritional needs are met (micros). Other health conditions should also be factored in, particularly diabetes for IF and heart disease for Keto
What food groups are excluded in a Keto Diet?
Most that contain CHO – no grains, fruits, milk, sugar, and sweets (none or severely limited)
What are nutritional risks/side effects of Keto Diet?
N/V, lethargy, GI issues (constipation), high cholesterol, renal damage, kidney stones, and bone mineral loss
Selenium, copper and zinc deficiencies have occurred in some cases with formula use (TF)–more common in kids than adults
What are supplement recommendations for Keto Diet?
general MVI and mineral supplements (as long as sugar free)
Vitamin D and Ca might be needed as well
What food groups are excluded in a Intermittent Fasting Diet?
All except water, when fasting. None when not.
What are nutritional risks/side effects of a Intermittent Fasting Diet?
Hunger, malnutrition, and possible loss of muscle mass.
Protocols that allow for intermittent energy restriction might be best for cancer patients – 50 g protein/day would help maintain muscle mass
Of note, its important to be at normal energy intake levels on none fasting days – overeating would cancel out the benefits
What are nutritional risks/side effects of Vegan Diet?
Deficiencies – B12, V, iron, zinc, Ca, iodine, possibly protein
How can Vegans/vegetarians ensure adequate B12? What are food sources?
Reliable supplementation — better than food sources
How can Vegans/vegetarians ensure adequate Calcium? What are food sources?
adjust diet to add these sources:
Low-oxalate Ca comes from kale, turnip greens, chinese cabbage and bok choy
Ca-fortified plant beverages like soy milk
Ca-set tofu
How can Vegans/vegetarians ensure adequate Iodine? What are food sources?
iodized salt and sea vegetables are common sources. If not to consume, a reliable iodine supplement is needed
How can Vegans/vegetarians ensure adequate Iron? What are food sources?
Note, the DRI for vegan/vegetarians is 1.8x higher
Soy has ferritin form of iron and is absorbed well
As iron stores decline, the body will likely adapt to absorb non-heme iron, but it still needs to be monitored and likely supplemented
How can Vegans/vegetarians ensure adequate Zinc? What are food sources?
It is often lower than non-vegetarians but can stay normal – just needs regular monitoring
What are the physical activity recommendations from ACS?
Moderate-intensity – 150-300 minutes/week
or Vigorous-intensity – 75-150 minutes/week
or a combo — achieving or exceeding the upper limit of 300 is optimal
What is the AICR restriction on red and processed meats?
Red: 12-18 oz or <350-500 g per week
Processed: very little, if any
