1: Cancer Overview Flashcards

1
Q

5 Top Cancers in Men

A

prostate, lung/bronchus, colorectal, urinary(bladder), melanoma(skin)

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2
Q

5 Top Cancers in Women

A

Breast, Lung/bronchus, colorectal, uterine, thyroid

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3
Q

% rates of cancer in men and women

A

40% of men (1 in 2), 38% of women (1 in 3)

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4
Q

Races with highest cancer incidence rates and their survival rates

A

Black (64%) and non-Hispanic Whites (70%)

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5
Q

Major screening tools

A

Palpation (physical exam like breast exam)
Blood tests (like prostate labs)
Imaging procedures (like mammograms and colonoscopies)
Molecular techniques (genetic biomarkers)

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6
Q

Explain the TNM Classification System

A

T= Primary Tumor; N=Lymph Nodes; M=Distant Metastasis

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7
Q

Grades of “T” in classification system

A

TX=tumor can’t be evaluated
T0=no evidence of tumor
Tis= Carcinomia in situ (CIS) — abnormal cells, but not cancer (yet)
T1= tumor not palpable or visible by imaging
T2= tumor confined to the primary cancer site
T3=tumor extends to the neighboring tissue
T4=metastatic disease

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8
Q

Grades of “N” in classification system

A

Nx=regional lymph nodes can’t be evaluated
N0=no regional node involvement
N1=involvement of regional nodes
N2/N3=number of nodes indicates extent of spead

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9
Q

Grades of “M” in classification system

A

Mx=distant mets can’t be evaluated
M0=no distant mets
M1=distant mets present

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10
Q

Tumor Grading System levels (American Joint Committee on Cancer)

A

Gx=grade can’t be assessed (undetermined)
G1=well-differentiated (low grade)
G2=Moderately differentiated (intermediate grade)
G3= poorly differentiated (high grade)
G4=Undifferentiated (high grade)

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11
Q

Diet-related factors that might increase risk for cancer

A

grilling - increase formation of heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, increasing DNA adducts (carcinogen)

environmental toxins like aflatoxins (in peanuts)

Endocrine-disrupting chemical bisphenol A (BPA, in plastic)

Adiposity - not fully understood, but known for impacting insulin, sex hormones, adipocyte-derived cytokine levels, all of which can increase risk

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12
Q

Potential Nutrition Concerns - Cancer prevention

A

Obesity/loss of muscle
energy-dense food
excessive micronutrient intake from supplements
food contaminants (toxins/chemicals)

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13
Q

Potential Nutrition Concerns - Initial Treatment/Diagnosis

A

Side effects (N/V, taste, etc)
Fatigue
pain
anorexia
treatment-related cachexia
immunosuppression
weight/body composition changes
drug-nutrient interactions

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14
Q

Potential Nutrition Concerns - early post treatment

A

fatigue
pain
endocrine disorders
weight/body composition changes
cognitive deficits
dental caries or complications

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15
Q

Potential Nutrition Concerns - >5 years survivorship

A

weight loss/gain
decreased bone density
endocrine disorders
cardiovascular complications
cognitive deficits
dental caries or complications

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16
Q

Potential Outcomes from Nutrition Interventions - cancer prevention

A

improved weight/body composition
improved glucose control
improved immune surveillance

17
Q

Potential Outcomes from Nutrition Interventions - initial treatment/diagnosis

A

ability to adhere to scheduled treatment
fewer infectious complications
improved weight/body composition
delay or prevention of disease progression
improved chances of survival
improved quality of life

18
Q

Potential Outcomes from Nutrition Interventions - early post treatment

A

decreased fatigue
improved functional status
more rapid recovery from treatment
improved weight/body composition
decreased risk of recurrence or new dx
improved chances of survival
improved quality of life

19
Q

Potential Outcomes from Nutrition Interventions - >5 year survivorship

A

fewer late effects of treatment
improved functional status
improved weight/body composition
decreased risk of recurrence or new dx
improved chances of survival
improved quality of life
decreased health care costs