AP World Era 6 Key Concept 6.2

Question 1

Who dominated the global political order at the beginning of the 20th century?
Both what and what gave way to new forms of transregional political organization by the century’s end?
Examples?

Answer 1

Europe
Land-based and transoceanic empires
Older land-based Ottoman, Russian and Qing empires collapsed due to a combination of internal and external examples (Technological stagnation)
negotiated independence (India from the British Empire)
Independence through armed struggle (Algeria and Vietnam from the French Empire)

Question 2

What of what contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states?
Examples?

Answer 2

Emerging ideologies of anti-imperialism
Nationalist leaders in Asia and Africa challenge imperial rule (Mohandas Gandhi)
Regional, religious and ethnic movements (The Biafra secessionist movement)
Transnational movements (Communism)
Movements to redistribute land and resources developed

Question 3

What were accompanied by major what and what?

Examples?

Answer 3

Political changes; demographic and social consequences
Population resettlements (The India/Pakistan partition)
The migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles (Filipinos to the United States)
Ethnic Violence (Rwanda) Displacement of peoples resulting in refugee populations (Darfurians)

Question 4

What occurred on an unprecedented level?

Examples?

Answer 4

Military conflicts
World War I and II were the first “total wars.” Governments used ideologies to mobilize all of their state resources. (Military conscription) for the purpose of waging war. Governments also used a variety of strategies to mobilize these populations
The sources of global conflict in the first half of the century varied (Imperialist expansion by European powers and Japan, Competition for resources, Ethnic conflict, Great power rivalries between Great Britain and Germany, Nationalist ideologies, The economic crisis engendered by the Great Depression)
Global balance shifts and evolves into the Cold War
The Cold War produced new military alliances and promoted proxy wars in Latin America, Africa and Asia
The dissolution of the Soviet Union effectively ended the Cold War

Question 5

Although what dominated much of the 20th century, many individuals and groups –including states– opposed this trend. Some individuals and groups, however, intensified the conflicts?
Examples?

Answer 5

conflict
Groups and individuals challenged the many wars of the century (Picasso in his Guernica); promoting non-violence (Martin Luther King)
Alternatives to the existing economic, political and social orders (The Tiananmen Square protesters that promoted democracy in China)
Militaries and militarized states often responded to the proliferation of conflicts in ways that further intensified conflict. (The buildup of the “military-industrial complex” and arms trading)
Movements used violence against civilians (Al-Qaeda)
Influence on popular culture (James Bond)