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Anatomy and Physiology > AP Quiz 3 > Flashcards

AP Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Hair Growth Cycle

A

A repeating cycle
Anagen (.3 mm/day in young adult, lasts 6-8 years in young adult)
Catagen (2-3 weeks)
Telogen (resting stage, 1-3 months)

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2
Q

Alopecia

A

thinning or baldness

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3
Q

Patterned Baldness

A

Sex-influenced trait expressed only with high levels of testosterone

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4
Q

Hirsutism

A

excessive hair growth due to hormonal imbalance (ovary or adrenal cortex problem)

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5
Q

Hair color

A

due to melanin from melanocytes in hair bulb)

Variation in hair color due to melanin binding to different compounds

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6
Q

White hair

A

due to air in medulla (since the cells aren’t bound as close together) and loss of pigment in the cortex

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7
Q

Cutaneous glands

A

sweat glands (eccrine and apocrine)
Sebaceous glands
Ceruminous glands (ear wax)
Mammary glands

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8
Q

Apocrine Sweat gland

A

produce sweat containing fatty acids; found near hair follicles and respond to stress and sex
Found in armpit, around nipples, and in pubic region
Secrete products into hair follicles or directly onto the surface
Begins functioning at puberty

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9
Q

apocrine

A

in the secretion, some of the cells are broken down, meaning that some of the cytoplasm is lost

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10
Q

Eccrine glands

A

Simple tubular glands (merocrine) – there are millions and they cool the body
not associate with follicles

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11
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

oily secretion called sebum that contains broken down cells (always going to be connected to a hair)
duct opens into hair follicle

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12
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

only found in external ear canal
secretion combines with sebum to produce earwax
function: waterproof, keeps eardrum flexible, and its bitterness repels mites and other pests

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13
Q

Mammary glands

A

only activated by pregnancy
secondary sexual characteristic of females
mammary glandular tissue found only during lactation and pregnancy

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14
Q

Structure of nail

A

tightly packed keratinized cells
nail body (visible portion pink due to underlying capillaries, free edge appears white)
Nail root (lunae is white due to thicken stratum basale)
Eponychium (cuticle) – stratum corneum layer

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15
Q

Causes of skin death due to burns

A

fluid loss, infection, and effects of dead tissue

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16
Q

Degrees of burns

A

1st: only epidermis (red, painful, and edema)
2nd: epidermis and part of dermis (blistered)
3rd: epidermis, dermis, and more is destroyed (often requires grafts or fibrosis and disfigurement may occur)

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17
Q

Treatment for Burns

A

fluid replacement and infection control

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18
Q

Bone

A

dynamic, continually remodeling
connective tissue with hardened matrix (composed of calcium phosphate)
Makes up skeletal system

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19
Q

What are bones composed of?

A

bone tissue, marrow, cartilage, and perisoteum

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20
Q

Functions of bone

A

supports and protects soft tissue
attachment site for muscles making movement possible
storage of calcium and phosphate (mineral homeostasis, they can be broken down to give back to the body)
bone cell production (occurs in red bone marrow thru process called hemopoiesis)
Energy storage in yellow bone marrow

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21
Q

Classification of bones

A

bone shapes:

long, short, flat, irregular, short, and sesamoid

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22
Q

Sesamoid bone

A

Bone embedded within a tendon

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23
Q

What are the internal tissues of a flat bone?

A

External and internal surfaces of flat bone that are composed of compact bone
Middle layer is spongy bone (dipole) without a marrow cavity
A blow to the skull may fracture outer layer and crush the dipole, but it won’t harm the inner compact bone

24
Q

Anatomy of a long bone

A

Diaphysis = shaft
Epiphysis = one of the ends of a long bone
Metaphysis = growth plate region where the diaphysis connects to the epiphysis
Epiphyseal plate/line = area b/n epiphysis and metaphysis, responsible for longitudinal growth of bones
Hyaline cartilage acts as shock absorber, over the ends of the long bone
Medullary cavity = marrow cavity
Endosteum = lining of marrow cavity

25
Q

Periosteum

A 
tough membrane covering bone
fibrous layer = dense irregular CT
Osteogenic layer (inner layer or cellular layer) = bone cells and blood vessels that nourish or help with repairs
26
Q

Structure of Periosteum

A

Two Layers
inner cellular-bone cells that nourish and help with repairs
outer fibrous, made of dense irregular CT

27
Q

What are the general features of the bones?

A

Shaft (diaphysis) = compact cylindrical bone with marrow cavity lined with endosteum
Enlarged ends are spongy bone covered with a layer of compact bone (enlarged to strengthen joint and provide for attachment of tendons and ligaments)
Joint surface covered with articular cartilage
Remainder of bone covered with periosteum
Epiphyseal plate or line depends on age

28
Q

Spongy Bone

A

Marrow cavity and spaces within spongy bone that contains either red bone marrow (blood cell formation)
Yellow bone marrow (lipid storage, more common in older age)

29
Q

Endosteum

A

lines the marrow cavity

contains osteoblast, osteogenic cells, and osteoclast

30
Q

What are the cells of osseous tissue?

A

Osteogenic cell
Osteoblast (forms bone matrix)
Osteocyte (maintains bone tissue)
Osteoclast (functions in resorption and breakdown of bone matrix)

31
Q

Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) Cells

A

resides in endosteum, periosteum, or central canals
Arises from embryonic fibroblasts and becomes the only source for new osteoblasts
Multiplies continuously and differentiates into different osteoblasts (more occurs based on stress or fracture responses)

32
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Form and help mineralize organic matter of matrix
make and release proteins and other organic components of the bone matrix
Constantly adding to matrix

33
Q

Osteocytes

A

osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they form
mature bone cells that accounts for most of cell population
Each occupies lacuna (pocket sandwiched between layers (lamellae –> collagen fibers) of matrix

34
Q

Canaliculli

A

narrow passageways that penetrate the lamellae

35
Q

How are cells in lacunae connected?

A

they’re connected by gap junctions inside canaliculi

Signal osteoclasts and osteoblasts about mechanical stresses

36
Q

Osteoclast

A

type of bone cell that removes and recycles bone tissue
Multinucleated cell that secretes acid and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix
Important for regulation of calcium and phosphate concentrations in body fluids
NOT related to osteoprogenitor cells –> from bone marrow from fusion of 3-50 same stem cells that make monocytes
Resides in resorption bays (pits) that they have eaten into surface of bone
Constantly removing matrix

37
Q

Osteon

A

Basic structural unit
Cylinders of tissue formed from layers (concentric lamellae) of matrix arranged around central canal holding blood vessel
Connected to each other via osteocytes
Connected to blood supply by tiny cell processes in canaliculi

38
Q

Compact bone structure

A

collagen fibers within each lamellae forms spiral that adds strength and resiliency

39
Q

Compact bone

A

Perforating canals or Volkmann canals (vascular canals perpendicularly joining central canals)
Circumferential or outer lamellae

40
Q

Composition of matrix of osseous tissue

A

85% hydroxyapatite (crystallized calcium phosphate salt) (2/3)
10% calcium carbonate and other minerals (fluoride, sulfate, potassium, and magnesium) (1/3)

41
Q

Bone Marrow

A

Soft tissue that occupies medullary cavity of long bone or spaces amid the trabeculae of spongy bone

42
Q

Red Marrow

A

Looks like thicc blood
mesh of reticular fibers and immature cells
hemopoietic (produces blood cells)
found in vertebrae, ribs, sternum, pectoral girdle, etc
Found in kids because they’re growing, not in adults
Contains stem and functional blood cells
Takes part in distruction of old erythrocytes (old red blood cells)

43
Q

Ossification

A

Replacing other tissues with bones
2 types (intramembranous and endochondral)
“Skull needs to ossify fast” (it’s protecting brain)
“Kids better bounce not break” (kids’ long bones are more cartilage based, which changes later on)

44
Q

Intramembranous (dermal) ossification

A

Occurs in deep dermis and produces “dermal bones” (mandible, flat bones of skull, and clavicle)

45
Q

Formation of dermal ossification

A
  1. ) Mesenchymal cells aggregate: differentiate to osteoblasts, surround themselves with matrix to make osteocytes, and develop projections called spicules
  2. ) Blood vessels grow into area to supply osteoblasts, spicules connect to trap blood vessels inside bone, and matrix calcifies into trabeculae with spaces holding red bone marrow
  3. ) Mesenchyme condenses as periosteum at the bone surface, spongy bone develops and remodeled into osteons of compact bones, periosteum, or marrow cavities
46
Q

Cartilage in embryo

A

more prevalent than in adult since skeleton is initially mostly cartilage
bone replaces cartilage in late fetal and childhood periods

47
Q

Bone growth

A

bone will continue to increase in length so long as epiphyseal cartilage continues to grow at epiphyseal surface

48
Q

Bone growth

A

bone will continue to increase in length so long as epiphyseal cartilage continues to grow at epiphyseal surface

49
Q

How can you tell how old someone is when they die?

A

Cartilage cells continue to divide and grow, lengthening bone and being replaced by bone cells
at completion, the epiphyseal line sets in after they reach their set height

50
Q

What is the distinguish of growth between long and flat bones?

A

Long bone are mainly endochondral ossification

Flat bones are mainly dermal ossification

51
Q

The metaphysis

A

the place between head and shaft of bone (epiphyseal plate)

52
Q

Bone growth in length

A

cartilage cells produced by mitosis on epiphyseal side of plate, they’re destroyed and replaced by bone on diaphyseal side of plate

53
Q

Functions of calcium and phosphate

A

Phosphate: component of DNA, RNA, ATP, phospholipids, and acid base buffers
Calcium: communication b/n neurons, muscle contractions, blood clotting, and exocytosis

54
Q

How to maintain calcium homeostasis?

A

Calcitonin – reduces Ca in blood (if greater 11 milligrams/deciliter)
Calcitriol and PTH – increases Ca in blood (if less than 8.5 milligram/dL)
Remember: osteoclasts break down bones to increase concentration in blood; intestines also play role since they break down food and send Ca to blood

55
Q

Calcitonin Hormone

A

Secreted by C cells of thyroid
reduces osteoclast activity as much as 70% in 15 minutes
increases number and activity of osteoblasts
important role in children, little known effect in adults
(although may be useful in reducing osteoporosis effects)

56
Q

Calcitriol (activated Vitamin D)

A

produced from UV radiation converted via liver and kidney

Stimulates intestine to absorb calcium, phosphate, and magnesium, weakly promotes urinary reabsorption of calcium ions

57
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

secreted by parathyroid glands on posterior surface of thyroid gland
binds to osteoblasts to release osteoclast stimulating factor that stimulates osteoclast multiplication and activity
Promotes calcium reabsorption in kidney (meaning calcium can be put back in blood), calcitriol synthesis in kidneys, and inhibits collagen synthesis and bone deposition by osteoblasts

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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