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Anatomy and Physiology > A&P Quiz 1 > Flashcards

A&P Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

means “a cutting open” in Greek

The study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among the body parts

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2
Q

Types of Gross Anatomy

A

Surface, regional, systemic, developmental, and clinical

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3
Q

Types of Microscopic anatomy

A

Cytology and Histology

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4
Q

Physiology

A

How living things perform their vital functions
Study of bodily functions thru experimental science methods
Basis for drug development and new med procedures

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5
Q

Types of Physiology

A 
COSPlay
Cell
Organ
Systemic
Pathological
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6
Q

Eponyms

A

“Commemorative names”

names for things that aren’t scientific, ie: Achilles tendon

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7
Q

What are the levels of organization? Why is this important?

A 
Organization at each level dictates structure and function at higher levels
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of life?

A 
HE COM RED
Homeostasis
Evolution
Cellular composition
Organization
Metabolism
Responsiveness and movement
Excretion
Development (growth or differentiation)
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9
Q

What is the definition of clinical death?

A

No brain waves for 24 hours

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10
Q

What are factors that affect physiological variation?

A

Sex, age, diet, weight, degree of physical activity

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11
Q

What is a typical human reference?

A

Man: 22 yrs old, 154 lb, light physical activity, consumes at least 2800 kcal/day

Woman: same except 128 lbs and 2000 kcal/day

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12
Q

What is homeostasis? What are factors that affect homeostasis?

A

Tendency towards internal balance; a dynamic equilibrium that fluctuates around certain set point

External (heat, cold, lack of oxygen) and internal stimuli (psychological stresses and exercise)

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13
Q

What happens if homeostasis is not maintained for a long period

A

Death may result

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14
Q

How do we maintain homeostasis?

A

Neural and endocrine controls
Sensory receptors detect change
Nervous system and/or endocrine responds

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15
Q

What are negative feedback loops?

A

Mechanisms to keep variable close to its set point (ie: thermometer)
The body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse it

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16
Q

What is an example of negative feedback loop?

A

Human thermoregulation
Nerve cells detect heat higher than set point, triggers vasodilation and sweating; triggers vasoconstriction and shivering with cold

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17
Q

What are structures needed for feedback loop?

A

RInE
Receptor (senses change; stretch receptor inform integrator of high bp)
Integrator (control center; sends signal to heart to slow)
Effector (structure that carries out commands of the control center; heart slow and bp decreases)

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18
Q

What are positive feedback loops?

A

physiological change that leads to an even greater change in the same direction (self-amplifying)
Normal way of producing rapid changes

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19
Q

What are examples of positive feedback loops?

A

Birth, blood clotting, protein digestion, generation of nerve signals

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20
Q

How is birth a PFL?

A

R: nerve cells detect fetus head pushing against cervix, sends signals to brain
In: Brain stimulates pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin
E: Pituitary excretes oxytocin. Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and pushes fetus towards cervix, continuing cycle

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21
Q

Disorder

A

abnormality of function

22
Q

Disease

A

Homeostatic imbalance with distinct symptoms and signs

23
Q

Symptoms

A

Changes in body function felt by the patient (ie: nausea)

24
Q

Signs

A

Changes in body function that can be observed (rash or fever)

25
Q

Diagnosis

A

Distinguishing one disease from another

26
Q

Epidemiology

A

How disease is transmitted

27
Q

Pharmacology

A

How drugs are used to treat disease

28
Q

Cell theory

A

all structure and function results from activity of cells

29
Q

What is the unity of form and function?

A

Physiology cannot be separated from anatomy

30
Q

Histology

A

study of tissues and how they form organs

31
Q

Organ

A

A structure with discrete boundaries and is composed of two or more tissue types

32
Q

What are the main differences between the four primary tissue classes?

A

Types and function
Amount of space occupied by cells vs. matrix
characteristic of matrix

33
Q

What is the matrix? What are characteristics of the matrix?

A

The matrix is extracellular material
Characteristics could include fibrous proteins, ground substance, tissue fluid, or rubbery or stony material in cartilage or bone

34
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

The “actors and actresses”
Closely packed cells form continuous sheets
Cells sit on basement membrane (basal lamina)
Good nerve supply and rapid cell division
Lines hollow organs, cavities, and ducts
forms glands

35
Q

Connective Tissue

A 
The "Setmaker"
Material found 
between cells, binds structures together
Stores energy as fat
Provides physical and immune protection
Involved with transport via blood
36
Q

Muscle tissue

A

The “dancers”
Cells shorten in length to produce movement
Includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

37
Q

Nervous tissue

A

The “lights and sound” team – conducts electrical signals
Detects changes inside and outside the body
Responds with nerve impulses
Includes neurons and neuroglial cells

38
Q

What are the two surfaces?

A

Apical (upper) exposed surface

Attached basal surface (everything looks cuboidal here)

39
Q

Avascular

A

without blood vessels (nutrients will diffuse in from underlying connective tissue)

40
Q

What is polarity?

A

The presence of structural and functional differences between the exposed and attached surface (why everything looks cuboidal at the bottom)

41
Q

Types of epithelium

A 
Covering and lining (epidermis, lining of blood vessels, ducts, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, and GI tracts)
Glandular epithelium (glandular secretion)
42
Q

Functions of Epithelium

A 
Physical protection (protect exposed and internal surfaces from abrasion, dehydration, and destruction) 
Permeability (selective absorption and secretion)
Sensation (large sensory nerve supply)
Specialized Secretions (glands)
43
Q

What are specializations of epithelial cells?

A

movement of fluids over epithelial surface to provide lubrication
Microvilli to provide surface area
Cilia to move substances (remove mucus)

44
Q

Classification of epithelium

A

arrangement of cells into layers (simple, stratified, and pseudostratified)
Shape of cell (squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional)

45
Q

What does pseudostratified mean?

A

Where the single layers of cells do not all reach apical surface, making the nuclei look like they’re not on the same level and so it appears multilayered

46
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

single layer of flat cells that lines blood vessels and body cavities
very thin and the nuclei is centrally located
Cells are in direct contact with each other
Ex: endothelial cells allow for gas and fluid exchange between capillaries and tissues

47
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Single layer of cube-shaped cells
Nuclei round and centrally located
Involved in absorption and secretion
Ex: kidney tubules

48
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

may be ciliated (uterine tubes) or non-ciliated (intestines)

Ex: internal surface (mucosa) of SIntestine

49
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Several layers thick
Keratinized: when surface cells dead and filled with keratin
Nonkeratinized: no keratin, exists in moist surface cells (mouth, vagina)

50
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

multilayered surface cells (rare, only found in sweat gland ducts and male urethra)

51
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Multilayered
Surface cells varying in shape from round to flat if stretched
lines hollow organs that expand from within (urinary bladder)

52
Q

Pseudostratified columnar

A

Single cell layer
all cells attached to basial lamina but not all reach apical surface
nuclei at varying depths
Ex: respiratory system, male urethra, and epididymis

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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