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Anatomy and Physiology > A&P Quiz 1 > Flashcards

A&P Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

means “a cutting open” in Greek

The study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among the body parts

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2
Q

Types of Gross Anatomy

A

Surface, regional, systemic, developmental, and clinical

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3
Q

Types of Microscopic anatomy

A

Cytology and Histology

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4
Q

Physiology

A

How living things perform their vital functions
Study of bodily functions thru experimental science methods
Basis for drug development and new med procedures

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5
Q

Types of Physiology

A 
COSPlay
Cell
Organ
Systemic
Pathological
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6
Q

Eponyms

A

“Commemorative names”

names for things that aren’t scientific, ie: Achilles tendon

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7
Q

What are the levels of organization? Why is this important?

A 
Organization at each level dictates structure and function at higher levels
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of life?

A 
HE COM RED
Homeostasis
Evolution
Cellular composition
Organization
Metabolism
Responsiveness and movement
Excretion
Development (growth or differentiation)
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9
Q

What is the definition of clinical death?

A

No brain waves for 24 hours

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10
Q

What are factors that affect physiological variation?

A

Sex, age, diet, weight, degree of physical activity

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11
Q

What is a typical human reference?

A

Man: 22 yrs old, 154 lb, light physical activity, consumes at least 2800 kcal/day

Woman: same except 128 lbs and 2000 kcal/day

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12
Q

What is homeostasis? What are factors that affect homeostasis?

A

Tendency towards internal balance; a dynamic equilibrium that fluctuates around certain set point

External (heat, cold, lack of oxygen) and internal stimuli (psychological stresses and exercise)

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13
Q

What happens if homeostasis is not maintained for a long period

A

Death may result

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14
Q

How do we maintain homeostasis?

A

Neural and endocrine controls
Sensory receptors detect change
Nervous system and/or endocrine responds

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15
Q

What are negative feedback loops?

A

Mechanisms to keep variable close to its set point (ie: thermometer)
The body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse it

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16
Q

What is an example of negative feedback loop?

A

Human thermoregulation
Nerve cells detect heat higher than set point, triggers vasodilation and sweating; triggers vasoconstriction and shivering with cold

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17
Q

What are structures needed for feedback loop?

A

RInE
Receptor (senses change; stretch receptor inform integrator of high bp)
Integrator (control center; sends signal to heart to slow)
Effector (structure that carries out commands of the control center; heart slow and bp decreases)

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18
Q

What are positive feedback loops?

A

physiological change that leads to an even greater change in the same direction (self-amplifying)
Normal way of producing rapid changes

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19
Q

What are examples of positive feedback loops?

A

Birth, blood clotting, protein digestion, generation of nerve signals

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20
Q

How is birth a PFL?

A

R: nerve cells detect fetus head pushing against cervix, sends signals to brain
In: Brain stimulates pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin
E: Pituitary excretes oxytocin. Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and pushes fetus towards cervix, continuing cycle

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21
Q

Disorder

A

abnormality of function

22
Q

Disease

A

Homeostatic imbalance with distinct symptoms and signs

23
Q

Symptoms

A

Changes in body function felt by the patient (ie: nausea)

24
Q

Signs

A

Changes in body function that can be observed (rash or fever)

25
Diagnosis
Distinguishing one disease from another
26
Epidemiology
How disease is transmitted
27
Pharmacology
How drugs are used to treat disease
28
Cell theory
all structure and function results from activity of cells
29
What is the unity of form and function?
Physiology cannot be separated from anatomy
30
Histology
study of tissues and how they form organs
31
Organ
A structure with discrete boundaries and is composed of two or more tissue types
32
What are the main differences between the four primary tissue classes?
Types and function Amount of space occupied by cells vs. matrix characteristic of matrix
33
What is the matrix? What are characteristics of the matrix?
The matrix is extracellular material Characteristics could include fibrous proteins, ground substance, tissue fluid, or rubbery or stony material in cartilage or bone
34
Epithelial tissue
The "actors and actresses" Closely packed cells form continuous sheets Cells sit on basement membrane (basal lamina) Good nerve supply and rapid cell division Lines hollow organs, cavities, and ducts forms glands
35
Connective Tissue
``` The "Setmaker" Material found between cells, binds structures together Stores energy as fat Provides physical and immune protection Involved with transport via blood ```
36
Muscle tissue
The "dancers" Cells shorten in length to produce movement Includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
37
Nervous tissue
The "lights and sound" team -- conducts electrical signals Detects changes inside and outside the body Responds with nerve impulses Includes neurons and neuroglial cells
38
What are the two surfaces?
Apical (upper) exposed surface | Attached basal surface (everything looks cuboidal here)
39
Avascular
without blood vessels (nutrients will diffuse in from underlying connective tissue)
40
What is polarity?
The presence of structural and functional differences between the exposed and attached surface (why everything looks cuboidal at the bottom)
41
Types of epithelium
``` Covering and lining (epidermis, lining of blood vessels, ducts, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, and GI tracts) Glandular epithelium (glandular secretion) ```
42
Functions of Epithelium
``` Physical protection (protect exposed and internal surfaces from abrasion, dehydration, and destruction) Permeability (selective absorption and secretion) Sensation (large sensory nerve supply) Specialized Secretions (glands) ```
43
What are specializations of epithelial cells?
movement of fluids over epithelial surface to provide lubrication Microvilli to provide surface area Cilia to move substances (remove mucus)
44
Classification of epithelium
arrangement of cells into layers (simple, stratified, and pseudostratified) Shape of cell (squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional)
45
What does pseudostratified mean?
Where the single layers of cells do not all reach apical surface, making the nuclei look like they're not on the same level and so it appears multilayered
46
Simple Squamous Epithelium
single layer of flat cells that lines blood vessels and body cavities very thin and the nuclei is centrally located Cells are in direct contact with each other Ex: endothelial cells allow for gas and fluid exchange between capillaries and tissues
47
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Single layer of cube-shaped cells Nuclei round and centrally located Involved in absorption and secretion Ex: kidney tubules
48
Simple Columnar Epithelium
may be ciliated (uterine tubes) or non-ciliated (intestines) | Ex: internal surface (mucosa) of SIntestine
49
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Several layers thick Keratinized: when surface cells dead and filled with keratin Nonkeratinized: no keratin, exists in moist surface cells (mouth, vagina)
50
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
multilayered surface cells (rare, only found in sweat gland ducts and male urethra)
51
Transitional Epithelium
Multilayered Surface cells varying in shape from round to flat if stretched lines hollow organs that expand from within (urinary bladder)
52
Pseudostratified columnar
Single cell layer all cells attached to basial lamina but not all reach apical surface nuclei at varying depths Ex: respiratory system, male urethra, and epididymis

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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