A&P Quiz 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
means “a cutting open” in Greek
The study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among the body parts
Types of Gross Anatomy
Surface, regional, systemic, developmental, and clinical
Types of Microscopic anatomy
Cytology and Histology
Physiology
How living things perform their vital functions
Study of bodily functions thru experimental science methods
Basis for drug development and new med procedures
Types of Physiology
COSPlay Cell Organ Systemic Pathological
Eponyms
“Commemorative names”
names for things that aren’t scientific, ie: Achilles tendon
What are the levels of organization? Why is this important?
Organization at each level dictates structure and function at higher levels Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ System Organism
What are the characteristics of life?
HE COM RED Homeostasis Evolution Cellular composition Organization Metabolism Responsiveness and movement Excretion Development (growth or differentiation)
What is the definition of clinical death?
No brain waves for 24 hours
What are factors that affect physiological variation?
Sex, age, diet, weight, degree of physical activity
What is a typical human reference?
Man: 22 yrs old, 154 lb, light physical activity, consumes at least 2800 kcal/day
Woman: same except 128 lbs and 2000 kcal/day
What is homeostasis? What are factors that affect homeostasis?
Tendency towards internal balance; a dynamic equilibrium that fluctuates around certain set point
External (heat, cold, lack of oxygen) and internal stimuli (psychological stresses and exercise)
What happens if homeostasis is not maintained for a long period
Death may result
How do we maintain homeostasis?
Neural and endocrine controls
Sensory receptors detect change
Nervous system and/or endocrine responds
What are negative feedback loops?
Mechanisms to keep variable close to its set point (ie: thermometer)
The body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse it
What is an example of negative feedback loop?
Human thermoregulation
Nerve cells detect heat higher than set point, triggers vasodilation and sweating; triggers vasoconstriction and shivering with cold
What are structures needed for feedback loop?
RInE
Receptor (senses change; stretch receptor inform integrator of high bp)
Integrator (control center; sends signal to heart to slow)
Effector (structure that carries out commands of the control center; heart slow and bp decreases)
What are positive feedback loops?
physiological change that leads to an even greater change in the same direction (self-amplifying)
Normal way of producing rapid changes
What are examples of positive feedback loops?
Birth, blood clotting, protein digestion, generation of nerve signals
How is birth a PFL?
R: nerve cells detect fetus head pushing against cervix, sends signals to brain
In: Brain stimulates pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin
E: Pituitary excretes oxytocin. Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and pushes fetus towards cervix, continuing cycle
Disorder
abnormality of function
Disease
Homeostatic imbalance with distinct symptoms and signs
Symptoms
Changes in body function felt by the patient (ie: nausea)
Signs
Changes in body function that can be observed (rash or fever)
Diagnosis
Distinguishing one disease from another
Epidemiology
How disease is transmitted
Pharmacology
How drugs are used to treat disease
Cell theory
all structure and function results from activity of cells
What is the unity of form and function?
Physiology cannot be separated from anatomy
Histology
study of tissues and how they form organs
Organ
A structure with discrete boundaries and is composed of two or more tissue types
What are the main differences between the four primary tissue classes?
Types and function
Amount of space occupied by cells vs. matrix
characteristic of matrix
What is the matrix? What are characteristics of the matrix?
The matrix is extracellular material
Characteristics could include fibrous proteins, ground substance, tissue fluid, or rubbery or stony material in cartilage or bone
Epithelial tissue
The “actors and actresses”
Closely packed cells form continuous sheets
Cells sit on basement membrane (basal lamina)
Good nerve supply and rapid cell division
Lines hollow organs, cavities, and ducts
forms glands
Connective Tissue
The "Setmaker" Material found between cells, binds structures together Stores energy as fat Provides physical and immune protection Involved with transport via blood
Muscle tissue
The “dancers”
Cells shorten in length to produce movement
Includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
Nervous tissue
The “lights and sound” team – conducts electrical signals
Detects changes inside and outside the body
Responds with nerve impulses
Includes neurons and neuroglial cells
What are the two surfaces?
Apical (upper) exposed surface
Attached basal surface (everything looks cuboidal here)
Avascular
without blood vessels (nutrients will diffuse in from underlying connective tissue)
What is polarity?
The presence of structural and functional differences between the exposed and attached surface (why everything looks cuboidal at the bottom)
Types of epithelium
Covering and lining (epidermis, lining of blood vessels, ducts, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, and GI tracts) Glandular epithelium (glandular secretion)
Functions of Epithelium
Physical protection (protect exposed and internal surfaces from abrasion, dehydration, and destruction) Permeability (selective absorption and secretion) Sensation (large sensory nerve supply) Specialized Secretions (glands)
What are specializations of epithelial cells?
movement of fluids over epithelial surface to provide lubrication
Microvilli to provide surface area
Cilia to move substances (remove mucus)
Classification of epithelium
arrangement of cells into layers (simple, stratified, and pseudostratified)
Shape of cell (squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional)
What does pseudostratified mean?
Where the single layers of cells do not all reach apical surface, making the nuclei look like they’re not on the same level and so it appears multilayered
Simple Squamous Epithelium
single layer of flat cells that lines blood vessels and body cavities
very thin and the nuclei is centrally located
Cells are in direct contact with each other
Ex: endothelial cells allow for gas and fluid exchange between capillaries and tissues
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Single layer of cube-shaped cells
Nuclei round and centrally located
Involved in absorption and secretion
Ex: kidney tubules
Simple Columnar Epithelium
may be ciliated (uterine tubes) or non-ciliated (intestines)
Ex: internal surface (mucosa) of SIntestine
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Several layers thick
Keratinized: when surface cells dead and filled with keratin
Nonkeratinized: no keratin, exists in moist surface cells (mouth, vagina)
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
multilayered surface cells (rare, only found in sweat gland ducts and male urethra)
Transitional Epithelium
Multilayered
Surface cells varying in shape from round to flat if stretched
lines hollow organs that expand from within (urinary bladder)
Pseudostratified columnar
Single cell layer
all cells attached to basial lamina but not all reach apical surface
nuclei at varying depths
Ex: respiratory system, male urethra, and epididymis
