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Anatomy and Physiology > A&P Quiz (Skin) > Flashcards

A&P Quiz (Skin) Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of skin

A

Cutaneous membrane

Subcutaneous tissue

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2
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

the dermis layer (connective tissue, nerve, and muscle)

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3
Q

Functions of Skin and Hypodermis

A

Protecting inside of body
Excretion (salt, water, and organic wastes)
Maintenance of Temperature (insulation and cooling)
Production of Melanin (protection against UV)
Production of Keratin (protects against abrasion; water repellant)
Synthesis of Vitamin D
Storage of Lipids in adipocytes
Detection of touch, pressure, pain, and temp

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4
Q

Overview of Epidermis

A

Composed of Stratified squamous epithelium
NO BLOOD VESSELS
4 types of cells
5 layers

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5
Q

Keratinocytes

A

90% of epidermis cells – makes keratin

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6
Q

Melanocytes

A

8% – makes melanin that can be transferred to other cells with long cell processes

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7
Q

Langerhan cells

A

Related to macrophages, provides immunity by consuming pathogens that have gotten into the skin

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8
Q

Merkel cells

A

in the deepest layer of epidermis, but the most superficial sensory neuron compared to the rest; just for light touch

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9
Q

Keratin

A

Family of fibrous structural proteins

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10
Q

Layers (Strata) of the Epidermis

A 
Stratum corneum (Highest)
Stratum lucidum
Stratum grandulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale (lowest)
Come on Lets Go Skin Bathe
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11
Q

Stratum basale (also called stratum germinativum)

A

Deepest layer
Stem cells that constantly divide and replace other cells by being pushed up
Connected by desmosomes

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12
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Called this way since they’re looking spiny under microscope
Just the basal cells pushed up
where langerhan cells are
8-10 cells held together by desosomes

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13
Q

Stratum Grandulosum

A

Start to fill with keratin in this layer

they’re going to die with the amount of keratin, nucleus starts to break down

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14
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

Layer of dead cells only seen in “thick skin” (palm, soles of feet)
What makes thick skin thicc
3 to 5 layers of dead skin cells, filled with keratin

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15
Q

Stratum Corenum

A

25 to 30 layers of flat, dead skin cells filled with keratin and surrounded by lipids
Continuously sheds
Barrier to light, heat, water, chemicals, and bacteria
Friction stimulates callus formation

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16
Q

Keratinization and Epidermal Growth

A

Process of stem cells dividing into keratinocytes
pushed up towards surface and fills with keratin in process
4 week journey unless outer layers are removed by abrasion (then it’s faster)
Hormone EGF can speed up process

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17
Q

Keratinization and Epidermal Growth

A

Process of stem cells dividing into keratinocytes
pushed up towards surface and fills with keratin in process
4 week journey unless outer layers are removed by abrasion (then it’s faster)
Hormone EGF can speed up process

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18
Q

Psoriasis

A

Chronic skin disorder that causes abnormal keratin productions that causes cells to shed as silvery scales
A genetic issue that currently has no cure, but creams and anti-inflammatories can help alleviate symptoms

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19
Q

Can you restore damaged stratum basal cells?

A

New skin can’t regenerate if stratum basal and its stem cells is destroyed, but can move epidermis cells to cover the area

20
Q

Melanocytes

A

located in stratum basal layer
Manufacture melanin
Package melanin into melanosomes (intracellular vesicles) that travels to keratinocytes
Genes determine the amount of melanin produced (around 6 genes that code for pigmentation) –> not the amount of melanocytes we have, we all have roughly the same regardless of our ancestry

21
Q

Vitamin D

A

Derived mainly from the sun, but we can also get from dietary intake like fish and meat
Used for keeping bones hard AND cellular signaling

22
Q

Synthesis of Vitamin D

A

UV stimulates production of compounds needed for calcium homeostasis
Sun stimulates 7-dehydrocholestrol –> cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) –> converted in liver to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 –> 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 –> converts to 1,225-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in kidney which helps to maintain calcium balance

23
Q

Vitamin D hypothesis

A

evolution of lighter skin occurred in areas with less sunlight as a direct result of selection for more efficient Vitamin D synthesis

24
Q

Vitamin D hypothesis

A

evolution of lighter skin occurred in areas with less sunlight as a direct result of selection for more efficient Vitamin D synthesis (ie: allows for better Vitamin D absorption)

25
Q

Metabolism of Folate

A

Vitamin essential for DNA synthesis and cell replication
Exposure to UV radiation causes breakdown of folate in the bloodstream
people with light skin and live in sunny areas can have folate deficiency

26
Q

Cyanosis

A

blueness resulting from deficiency of oxygen in circulating blood (or cold weather) (that’s why they tell you not to wear nail polish during surgery so they can see if your nails are blue or not)

27
Q

Erythema

A

Redness due to dilated cutaneous vessels (anger, sunburn, embarrassment)

28
Q

Palor

A

paleness due to lack of blood flow

29
Q

Jaundice

A

yellowing of skin due to excess of bilirubin in blood (liver disease)

30
Q

Hemangiomas

A

Birthmarks –> just weird random errors that happened during embryonic growth
can be caused by overgrowth of blood vessels, melanocytes, fats, fibroblasts, or keratinocytes

31
Q

Freckles and moles

A

Aggregations of melanin
You aren’t born with all of them, you get more as you get older. Genetic-based, but you accumulate more with more sun exposure

32
Q

Papillary Region

A

Top 20% of dermis
Has loose CT (areolar) and elastic fiber (provides the elasticity in skin so when you pull it, it snaps back)
Has dermal papillae –> fingerlike projections that the dermis rests on

33
Q

Functions of Papillary Region

A

Anchors epidermis to dermis
Contains capillaries to feed epidermis
Contains Meissner’s corpuscles (touch) and free nerve endings (pain and temp)

34
Q

Reticular Region

A

Dense irregular connective tissue (NOT RETICULAR TISSUE)
Reticular means “net-like” –> describing all the fibers in the region that act like a net
Contains interlacing collagen and elastic fibers
Packed with oil glands, sweat gland ducts, fat, and hair follicles
Also provides strength and elasticity to skin

35
Q

How are fingerprints formed?

A

Caused by sweat glands on fingertips and dermal papillae that are formed in fetus when the epidermis conforms to dermal papillae
Helps to increase grip so you can grasp the cock

36
Q

Types of skin

A

Thin skin and thicc skin

37
Q

Thin Skin

A

Covers most of the bodyThin epidermis (.1 to .15 mm) that lacks stratum lucidum, lacks noticeable epidermal ridges and fewer sweat glands

38
Q

Thicc Skin

A

thicc epidermis (.6 to 4.5 mm) with distinct Stratum lucidum

39
Q

Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

A 
more adipose (fat) than dermis
Functions: energy reservoir and thermal insulation
Hypodermic injections (good area to get injections since there's lots of blood vessels)
40
Q

Accessory Structures of the Skin

A

Epidermal Derivatives
Structures that originate in epidermis and during embryonic development that push inwards
(includes hair, oil glands, sweat glands (glands are epithelial tissue!), and nails)

41
Q

Structure of hair

A

shaft – visible
root – below surface
follicle – surrounds the root and helps it to grow
bulb – base of the hair

42
Q

Hair related structures

A 
Arrector pili (smooth muscle in dermis that contracts with cold or fear --> forms goosebumps; in nonhuman animals, it helps to trap heat and makes them look bigger) mainly vestigial for us
Hair root plexus (sensory neuron surrounding the base of the hair follicle, detects hair movement even if you're sleeping and someone pulls just one hair strand)
43
Q

Hair and nails

A

Stratum corneum of the skin is composed of pliable soft keratin
Hair and nail composed of hard keratin (two cystine molecules coming together to form cysteine)

44
Q

Hair and nails

A

Stratum corneum of the skin is composed of pliable soft keratin
Hair and nail composed of hard keratin (two cystine molecules coming together to form cysteine)

45
Q

Functions of Hair

A

In humans too thin to provide warmth, but can alert s to insects or parasites crawling on the skin
Scalp hair provides heat retention and sunburn cover
Beard, pubic, and axillary hair indicates sexual maturity and helps to distribute sexual scents (ie: how people closely related to us doesn’t smell good)
Guard hairs and eyelashes prevent foreign objects from getting into nostrils, ear canals, or eyes
Eyebrows help to express emotions

46
Q

Characteristics of human hair

A

found almost everywhere, but differs between individuals in texture and color
3 types:
lanugo (fine, unpigmented fetal hair that are mostly shed before birth)
vellus (fine, unpigmented hair of children and adults –> peach fuzz, turns terminal in puberty for bois (and michelle))
Terminal hair – coarse, long, deeply pigmented hair

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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