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Anatomy and Physiology > A&P Final Part 2 (Hormones) > Flashcards

A&P Final Part 2 (Hormones) Flashcards

1
Q

Exocrine glands

A

secrete products into ducts which empty into body cavities or body surface
sweat, oil, mucous, & digestive glands

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2
Q

endocrine glands

A 
secrete products (hormones) into bloodstream
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal
other organs secrete hormones as a 2nd function	
hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes, kidneys, stomach, liver, small intestine, heart & placenta
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3
Q

Components of endocrine system

A

hormone, target cells, endocrine glands, and endocrine system

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4
Q

Hypothalamus

A

master gland that secretes regulatory hormones that control pituitary
ex: ADH and oxytocin (both stored and released by posterior pituitary)

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5
Q

Anatomy of pituitary gland

A

Pea-shaped gland found in sella turcica of sphenoid
Anterior lobe = 75%
adenohypophysis
Posterior lobe = 25%

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6
Q

Hypothalamus –> Pituitary Anterior Lobe

A 
Releasing hormones and their effects
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
Promotes secretion of TSH and PRL
Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)
Promotes secretion of ACTH
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Promotes secretion of FSH and LH
Growth hormone releasing hormong (GHRH)
Promotes secretion of GH
Inhibiting hormones and their effects
Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)
Inhibits secretion of prolactin
Somatostatin 
Inhibits secretion of GH and TSH
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7
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

Releasing hormones from hypothalamus, released by anterior pituitary
initiates the formation of follicles within the ovary
stimulates follicle cells to secrete estrogen
stimulates sperm production in testes

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8
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

Releasing hormones from hypothalamus, anterior pituitary produces
in females, stimulates secretion of estrogen,
ovulation of oocyte,
formation of corpus luteum, and
secretion of progesterone
In males, stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone

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9
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Anterior Pituitary –> thyroid
Hypothalamus regulates these cells
Released from anterior pituitary (thyrotroph cells produce TSH)
Stimulates synthesis and secretion of T3/T4 (thyroid hormones)
without this hormone, thyroid is inactive

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10
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)

A

Regulates stress response
Hypothalamus releasing hormones (CRH)
Anterior pituitary secretes this
Hormone stimulates cells of adrenal cortex that produce glucocorticoids

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11
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

Hypothalamus regulates lactotroph cells (PIH)
which produce hormone under right conditions,
–> causes milk production
Suckling reduces levels of hypothalamic inhibition, hormone levels rise along with milk production

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12
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

Secreted by anterior pituitary in response to GHRH from hypothalamus
Promotes tissue growth
directly affects mitosis and cellular differentiation
indirectly stimulates liver to produce IGF (insulin like growth factors) –>
IGF increases uptake of amino acids and incorporation into new proteins in skeletal muscle and lasts longer than GH
Functions of GH
Stimulates stem cell divisions and differentiation of daughter cells

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13
Q

Growth Hormone and Aging

A

increases through childhood and adolescence, causing bone, cartilage, and muscle growth
when you old, GH declines
GH levels:
higher during first 2 hours of deep sleep, after high protein meals, vigorous exercise, stress, and trauma

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14
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

A

Secreted by pars intermedia (boundary between anterior and posterior pituitary)
MSH influences pigmentation of skin, hair, and feathers in animals (and human fetus)
Stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin
In adult humans circulating blood does not contain MSH
Produced locally in sun exposed skin

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15
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

Does not synthesize hormones
Stores and releases
Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin

Released into blood at the posterior pituitary

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16
Q

Oxytocin

A

Neuroendocrine reflex caused in two target tissues
During delivery
baby’s head stretches cervix
hormone release enhances
uterine muscle contraction
baby & placenta are delivered
After delivery
suckling & hearing baby’s cry stimulates milk ejection
hormone causes muscle contraction & milk ejection
Males and females – emotional bonding, empathy, maternal behavior

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17
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Functions
decrease urine production
decrease sweating
increase BP
Causes vasoconstriction but only in extremely high concentrations
Alc inhibits ADH –> that’s why it’s dehydrating

18
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Function is not well understood
Peak secretion and size in 1-5 yr. olds, by puberty 75% less
Involution (shrinkage) occurs after age 7
Produces serotonin by day, converts it to melatonin at night
May regulate timing of puberty in humans and set circadian rhythms
Melatonin increases in SAD (seasonal affective disorder) + PMS, decreases with phototherapy

19
Q

Effect of light on pineal gland

A

melatonin secretion decreases with light exposure because sympathetic ganglion is excited

20
Q

SAD

A

you’re sad during winter because too much melanin –> it’s too dark

21
Q

Thymus

A

Location: mediastinum, superior to heart
Involution after puberty
Secretes hormones that regulate development and later activation of T-lymphocytes

22
Q

Thyroid Gland Anatomy

A

Largest endocrine gland with high rate of blood flow
Anterior and lateral sides of trachea
2 large lobes connected by isthmus

23
Q

Thyroid follicles

A

secretes 2 hormones, T3+T4
Thyroid hormone:
increases body’s metabolic rate and O2 consumption, causes
calorigenic effect (cells consume more energy increasing heat production),
increase heart rate and contraction strength, increase respiratory rate, and stimulates appetite and breakdown carbs, lipids & proteins

24
Q

C Cells of thyroid

A

produces calcitonin that decreases blood calcium content, promotes ca2+ desposition –> bone formation (esp in kids)

25
Q

Control of T3 and T4 secretion

A

Negative feedback
Low blood levels of hormones stimulate hypothalamus
It stimulates pituitary to release TSH
TSH stimulates gland to raise blood levels
(T4 gets converted to T3, both are responsible for metabolism but T3 is the more active of the two)

26
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

4 pea-sized glands found on back of thyroid gland

27
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A 
Raises blood calcium levels
increase activity of osteoclasts
increases reabsorption of Ca+2 by kidney
Reducing urinary losses
Stimulates formation of calcitriol (vitamin D3) by kidney which increases absorption of Ca+2 by intestines
Opposite function of calcitonin
28
Q

Regulation of calcium blood levels

A

PTH (with calcitriol) and Calcitonin
PTH increases calcium blood level
Calcitronin (decreases calcium in blood –> calcium IN bone)

29
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

deficiency of blood calcium
causes excessive excitability of nervous system leading to muscle spasms or tremors
calcium normally binds to cell surface contributing to resting membrane potential
with less calcium, sodium channels open more easily exciting neuron
can cause carpopedal spasm in hands and feet

30
Q

Anatomy of Adrenal Glands

A

One on top of each kidney

Cortex produces 3 different types of hormones from 3 zones of cortex
(Adrenal) Medulla produces epinephrine & norepinephrine

31
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

innervated by sympathetic neurons
Chromaffin cells = modified neurons –secretory cells that release into blood stream
Situations of fear, pain, stress stimulate nerve fibers that cause chromaffin cells to release norepinephrine or epinephrine (small amounts of dopamine)

increases BP and heart rate
increases blood flow to skeletal muscle
increases pulmonary air flow
inhibits digestion and urination

32
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Produces 25 steroid hormones (corticosteroids)
3 categories
Mineralcorticoids - regulate electrolytes
Glucocorticoids - regulate metabolism of glucose
Sex steroids - reproductive functions (androgens)

33
Q

Adrenal Cortex - Zona glomerulosa

A

Aldosterone- principle mineralocorticoid produced
Secreted in response to
drop in blood Na+ content
in response to Angiotensin II from the lungs
Functions
increase reabsorption of Na+ (and water) in kidneys
Maintains blood volume

34
Q

Zona Fasciculata + Reticularis Glucocorticoids

A

Primarily secretes cortisol in response to ACTH from anterior pituitary
Functions = help regulate metabolism
Stimulates fat and protein catabolism
Stimulate release of fatty acids and glucose into the blood —provide resistance to stress by making nutrients available for ATP production

Anti-inflammatory effects (steroid creams)
Inhibit white blood cells
reduce release of histamine from mast cells
decrease capillary permeability

35
Q

Androgens from Zona Fasciculata and Reticularis

A

Small amounts of androgens produced
Major androgen = dehydroepiandrosterone which gets converted to testosterone
Androgens are produced in large quantities in the testes of males
Thus the small amount produced in the adrenal glands are insignificant in males
Important in females (sex drive)
Estradiol = an adrenal estrogen
Minor importance in reproductive women (since ovaries produce much more)
Important after menopause = Helps to sustain bone mass

36
Q

Pancreatic Hormones

A

1-2 Million pancreatic islets producing hormones
Clusters of endocrine cells
The other 98% of organ produces digestive enzymes (exocrine)

37
Q

Pancreatic Islets

A

Types of cells: Alpha, Beta, Delta, PP (F), G

38
Q

Alpha Cells

A 
Glucagon raises blood glucose levels 
by increasing rates of:
glycogen breakdown in skeletal muscle
glucose release by the liver
fat breakdown in adipose
39
Q

Beta Cells

A

Insulin secreted after meal with carbohydrates raises glucose blood levels
stimulates glucose and amino acid uptake
nutrient storage effect (stimulates glycogen, fat and protein synthesis)
Stimulation of fatty acid absorption in adipocytes

40
Q

Delta Cells

A

makes somatostatin
Inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
Secreted concurrently with insulin
May modulate secretion of alpha and beta cells

41
Q

G Cells

A

secrete gastrin (stomach secretions, motility, and emptying)

42
Q

PP (F) Cells

A

produce pancreatic polypeptide (PP)

inhibits gallbladder contractions and regulate production of some pancreatic enzymes

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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