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Anatomy and Physiology > A&P Final Part 2 (Hormones) > Flashcards

A&P Final Part 2 (Hormones) Flashcards

1
Q

Exocrine glands

A

secrete products into ducts which empty into body cavities or body surface
sweat, oil, mucous, & digestive glands

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2
Q

endocrine glands

A 
secrete products (hormones) into bloodstream
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal
other organs secrete hormones as a 2nd function	
hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes, kidneys, stomach, liver, small intestine, heart & placenta
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3
Q

Components of endocrine system

A

hormone, target cells, endocrine glands, and endocrine system

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4
Q

Hypothalamus

A

master gland that secretes regulatory hormones that control pituitary
ex: ADH and oxytocin (both stored and released by posterior pituitary)

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5
Q

Anatomy of pituitary gland

A

Pea-shaped gland found in sella turcica of sphenoid
Anterior lobe = 75%
adenohypophysis
Posterior lobe = 25%

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6
Q

Hypothalamus –> Pituitary Anterior Lobe

A 
Releasing hormones and their effects
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
Promotes secretion of TSH and PRL
Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)
Promotes secretion of ACTH
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Promotes secretion of FSH and LH
Growth hormone releasing hormong (GHRH)
Promotes secretion of GH

Inhibiting hormones and their effects
Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)
Inhibits secretion of prolactin
Somatostatin 
Inhibits secretion of GH and TSH
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7
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

Releasing hormones from hypothalamus, released by anterior pituitary
initiates the formation of follicles within the ovary
stimulates follicle cells to secrete estrogen
stimulates sperm production in testes

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8
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

Releasing hormones from hypothalamus, anterior pituitary produces
in females, stimulates secretion of estrogen,
ovulation of oocyte,
formation of corpus luteum, and
secretion of progesterone
In males, stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone

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9
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Anterior Pituitary –> thyroid
Hypothalamus regulates these cells
Released from anterior pituitary (thyrotroph cells produce TSH)
Stimulates synthesis and secretion of T3/T4 (thyroid hormones)
without this hormone, thyroid is inactive

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10
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)

A

Regulates stress response
Hypothalamus releasing hormones (CRH)
Anterior pituitary secretes this
Hormone stimulates cells of adrenal cortex that produce glucocorticoids

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11
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

Hypothalamus regulates lactotroph cells (PIH)
which produce hormone under right conditions,
–> causes milk production
Suckling reduces levels of hypothalamic inhibition, hormone levels rise along with milk production

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12
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

Secreted by anterior pituitary in response to GHRH from hypothalamus
Promotes tissue growth
directly affects mitosis and cellular differentiation
indirectly stimulates liver to produce IGF (insulin like growth factors) –>
IGF increases uptake of amino acids and incorporation into new proteins in skeletal muscle and lasts longer than GH
Functions of GH
Stimulates stem cell divisions and differentiation of daughter cells

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13
Q

Growth Hormone and Aging

A

increases through childhood and adolescence, causing bone, cartilage, and muscle growth
when you old, GH declines
GH levels:
higher during first 2 hours of deep sleep, after high protein meals, vigorous exercise, stress, and trauma

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14
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

A

Secreted by pars intermedia (boundary between anterior and posterior pituitary)
MSH influences pigmentation of skin, hair, and feathers in animals (and human fetus)
Stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin
In adult humans circulating blood does not contain MSH
Produced locally in sun exposed skin

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15
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

Does not synthesize hormones
Stores and releases
Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin

Released into blood at the posterior pituitary

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16
Q

Oxytocin

A

Neuroendocrine reflex caused in two target tissues
During delivery
baby’s head stretches cervix
hormone release enhances
uterine muscle contraction
baby & placenta are delivered
After delivery
suckling & hearing baby’s cry stimulates milk ejection
hormone causes muscle contraction & milk ejection
Males and females – emotional bonding, empathy, maternal behavior

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17
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Functions
decrease urine production
decrease sweating
increase BP
Causes vasoconstriction but only in extremely high concentrations
Alc inhibits ADH –> that’s why it’s dehydrating

18
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Function is not well understood
Peak secretion and size in 1-5 yr. olds, by puberty 75% less
Involution (shrinkage) occurs after age 7
Produces serotonin by day, converts it to melatonin at night
May regulate timing of puberty in humans and set circadian rhythms
Melatonin increases in SAD (seasonal affective disorder) + PMS, decreases with phototherapy

19
Q

Effect of light on pineal gland

A

melatonin secretion decreases with light exposure because sympathetic ganglion is excited

20
Q

SAD

A

you’re sad during winter because too much melanin –> it’s too dark

21
Q

Thymus

A

Location: mediastinum, superior to heart
Involution after puberty
Secretes hormones that regulate development and later activation of T-lymphocytes

22
Q

Thyroid Gland Anatomy

A

Largest endocrine gland with high rate of blood flow
Anterior and lateral sides of trachea
2 large lobes connected by isthmus

23
Q

Thyroid follicles

A

secretes 2 hormones, T3+T4
Thyroid hormone:
increases body’s metabolic rate and O2 consumption, causes
calorigenic effect (cells consume more energy increasing heat production),
increase heart rate and contraction strength, increase respiratory rate, and stimulates appetite and breakdown carbs, lipids & proteins

24
Q

C Cells of thyroid

A

produces calcitonin that decreases blood calcium content, promotes ca2+ desposition –> bone formation (esp in kids)

25
Control of T3 and T4 secretion
Negative feedback Low blood levels of hormones stimulate hypothalamus It stimulates pituitary to release TSH TSH stimulates gland to raise blood levels (T4 gets converted to T3, both are responsible for metabolism but T3 is the more active of the two)
26
Parathyroid glands
4 pea-sized glands found on back of thyroid gland
27
Parathyroid hormone
``` Raises blood calcium levels increase activity of osteoclasts increases reabsorption of Ca+2 by kidney Reducing urinary losses Stimulates formation of calcitriol (vitamin D3) by kidney which increases absorption of Ca+2 by intestines Opposite function of calcitonin ```
28
Regulation of calcium blood levels
PTH (with calcitriol) and Calcitonin PTH increases calcium blood level Calcitronin (decreases calcium in blood --> calcium IN bone)
29
Hypocalcemia
deficiency of blood calcium causes excessive excitability of nervous system leading to muscle spasms or tremors calcium normally binds to cell surface contributing to resting membrane potential with less calcium, sodium channels open more easily exciting neuron can cause carpopedal spasm in hands and feet
30
Anatomy of Adrenal Glands
One on top of each kidney Cortex produces 3 different types of hormones from 3 zones of cortex (Adrenal) Medulla produces epinephrine & norepinephrine
31
Adrenal Medulla
innervated by sympathetic neurons Chromaffin cells = modified neurons --secretory cells that release into blood stream Situations of fear, pain, stress stimulate nerve fibers that cause chromaffin cells to release norepinephrine or epinephrine (small amounts of dopamine) increases BP and heart rate increases blood flow to skeletal muscle increases pulmonary air flow inhibits digestion and urination
32
Adrenal cortex
Produces 25 steroid hormones (corticosteroids) 3 categories Mineralcorticoids - regulate electrolytes Glucocorticoids - regulate metabolism of glucose Sex steroids - reproductive functions (androgens)
33
Adrenal Cortex - Zona glomerulosa
Aldosterone- principle mineralocorticoid produced Secreted in response to drop in blood Na+ content in response to Angiotensin II from the lungs Functions increase reabsorption of Na+ (and water) in kidneys Maintains blood volume
34
Zona Fasciculata + Reticularis Glucocorticoids
Primarily secretes cortisol in response to ACTH from anterior pituitary Functions = help regulate metabolism Stimulates fat and protein catabolism Stimulate release of fatty acids and glucose into the blood ---provide resistance to stress by making nutrients available for ATP production Anti-inflammatory effects (steroid creams) Inhibit white blood cells reduce release of histamine from mast cells decrease capillary permeability
35
Androgens from Zona Fasciculata and Reticularis
Small amounts of androgens produced Major androgen = dehydroepiandrosterone which gets converted to testosterone Androgens are produced in large quantities in the testes of males Thus the small amount produced in the adrenal glands are insignificant in males Important in females (sex drive) Estradiol = an adrenal estrogen Minor importance in reproductive women (since ovaries produce much more) Important after menopause = Helps to sustain bone mass
36
Pancreatic Hormones
1-2 Million pancreatic islets producing hormones Clusters of endocrine cells The other 98% of organ produces digestive enzymes (exocrine)
37
Pancreatic Islets
Types of cells: Alpha, Beta, Delta, PP (F), G
38
Alpha Cells
``` Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by increasing rates of: glycogen breakdown in skeletal muscle glucose release by the liver fat breakdown in adipose ```
39
Beta Cells
Insulin secreted after meal with carbohydrates raises glucose blood levels stimulates glucose and amino acid uptake nutrient storage effect (stimulates glycogen, fat and protein synthesis) Stimulation of fatty acid absorption in adipocytes
40
Delta Cells
makes somatostatin Inhibiting hormone (GHIH) Secreted concurrently with insulin May modulate secretion of alpha and beta cells
41
G Cells
secrete gastrin (stomach secretions, motility, and emptying)
42
PP (F) Cells
produce pancreatic polypeptide (PP) | inhibits gallbladder contractions and regulate production of some pancreatic enzymes

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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