AP Psychology: Key Contributors Flashcards

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1
Q

Socrates and Plato

A

The mind is separable from the body and continues after the body dies. Knowledge is innate.

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2
Q

Aristotle

A

Knowledge comes from experience/observation and is not innate. We need information to learn

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3
Q

Greek Philosophers

A

Aristotle, Plato, Socrates

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4
Q

René Descartes

A

Agreed with Socrates and Plato. Dissected animals and discovered that fluid in brain flows through nerves to muscles, causing movement

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5
Q

Francis Bacon

A

Father of modern science and empiricism

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6
Q

John Locke

A

We are a blank slate at birth and it is our experiences that define us (called tabula rasa)

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7
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Established the first psychology lab and wanted to measure the fastest mental processes (“atoms of the mind”)
Physics (remember for test)

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8
Q

Edward Bradford Titchener

A

Used introspection to search for the mind’s structural elements (structuralism)

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9
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Natural selection of physical and mental traits and adaptive evolution. Influenced William James

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10
Q

William James

A

Wrote “Principles of Psychology” and introduced functionalism. Coined the phrase “stream of consciousness,” with each moment in our lives flowing into the next

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11
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

Student of Edward Titchener and the first female to earn a Ph.D.in psychology. Wrote “The Animal Mind.” Second female president of the APA

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12
Q

Behaviorists

A

John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner

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13
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Founder of psychoanalysis (treatment process) and personality theory

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14
Q

Humanists

A

Abraham Moslow and Carl Rogers

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15
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

Wundt’s student who established the first formal US psychology laboratory at Johns Hopkins University in 1883

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16
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

A Russian psychologist who pioneered the study of learning. He pioneered “classical conditioning,” which is focused on reflexes

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17
Q

Jean Piaget

A

A Swiss biologist who was the century’s most influential observer of children

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18
Q

Dorthea Dix

A

Led the way for humane treatment of those with psychological disorders

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19
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Pioneered “operant conditioning,” which is focused on behaviors

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20
Q

Gustav Fechner

A

A German scientist and philosopher who studied the edge of our awareness of faint stimuli, or absolute threshold

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21
Q

Ernst Weber

A

Established Weber’s Law, which states that for an average person to perceive a difference, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage

22
Q

David Hubel

A

Nobel Prize winner who discovered that our minds deconstruct visual images and reassemble them via feature detectors

23
Q

Torsten Wiesel

A

Same as Hubel (see above)

24
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Freud believed the unconscious was a hiding place for our most anxiety-provoking ideas and emotions, and that uncovering those hidden thoughts could lead to healing.

25
Q

Ernest Hilgard

A

Believed hypnosis involves not only social influence but also a special dual-processing state of dissociation — a split between different levels of consciousness.

26
Q

Little Albert

A

John B. Watson and his graduate assistant Rosalie Rayner conditioned “Little Albert” to fear a white rat (neutral stimulus) after repeatedly experiencing a loud noise as the rat was presented. He grew to fear the rat and eventually generalized this fear to dogs and rabbits.

27
Q

Neal Miller

A

A researcher who worked on biofeedback, finding that rats could modify their heartbeat if given pleasurable brain stimulation

28
Q

Gregory Kimble

A

Claimed that: “Just about any activity of which the organism is capable can be conditioned and … these responses can be conditioned to any stimulus that the organism can perceive.” He was later proven wrong thanks to the discovery of preparedness and instinctive drift.

29
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

A behaviorist who conducted experiments on dogs, in which he used classical conditioning principles to spur dogs to salivate whenever a bell was rung

30
Q

John B. Watson

A

A behaviorist who thought that psychology should discount cognitive processes, Led the Little Albert experiment, where he conditioned an 11-month old boy to fear a white rat

31
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

A behaviorist who experimented with the operant chamber (Skinner box), conditioning animals to perform certain behaviors for rewards

32
Q

Edward L. Thorndike

A

Founded a principle called the “law of effect,” which served as the basis for Skinner’s work in operant conditioning

33
Q

John Garcia

A

Contributed to learning theory through his theory of taste aversion, which disproved the notion that a US must immediately follow a CS

34
Q

Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner

A

Created the contingency model. Conducted an experiment with rats that showed that animals can react to the predictability of an event (cognition is involved in learning)

35
Q

Edward C. Tolman

A

Conducted studies that showed that animals can create cognitive maps of places a form of latent learning

36
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Demonstrated the phenomenon of observational learning/modeling in his experiment with Bobo dolls

37
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A

Created the retention curve, which established that we remember more than we recall. As he repeated a list of syllables over several days, he found that the time required to relearn the list decreased

38
Q

Richard Atkinson

A

Proposed the 3-stage model to explain our memory-forming process (sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory)

39
Q

Richard Shiffrin

A

Same as Atkinson (3-stage model)

40
Q

George A. Miller

A

Proposed that we can store +/- 7 pieces of information in short-term memory

41
Q

Eric Kandel

A

Performed experiments on Aplysia (sea slug) and noticed that, when learning occurs, the slug releases serotonin, causing synapses to become more sensitive/efficient (LTP)

42
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

Showed how people/eyewitnesses can misremember faces/events and how easy it is to reconstruct memories

43
Q

Robert Sternberg

A

Came up with the 5 components for creativity: Expertise, imaginative thinking skills, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment

44
Q

Wolfgang Köhler

A

Demonstrated that other animals (like chimps) can display insight

45
Q

Amos Tversky

A

Studied representative and availability heuristics and established how they can lead to faulty decision-making

46
Q

Daniel Kahneman

A

Same as Tversky. Both won the Nobel Prize for their work

47
Q

Daniel Kahneman

A

Same as Tversky. Both won the Nobel Prize for their work

48
Q

Steven Pinker

A

Dubbed language as “the crown jewel of cognition”

49
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

Argued for the idea of “universal grammar,” that humans have the innate ability to learn language

50
Q

Paul Broca

A

Confirmed that damage to an area of the left frontal lobe (Broca’s area) inhibited speaking ability

51
Q

Carl Wernicke

A

Discovered that damage to a specific area of the left temporal lobe (Wernicke’s Area) inhibited understanding

52
Q

Benjamin Lee Whorf

A

Came up with the idea of “linguistic determinism,” that language controls the way we think