AP Psychology Exam: People Flashcards
Mary Calkins
First female president of the APA
Margaret Floy Washburn
First female to earn a PhD in psychology
Charles Darwin
Evolutionary perspective; Conceptualized natural selection and evolution
Dorthea Dix
Reformed mental health institutions in the US
Stanley Hall
First president of the APA, first psychology journal
William James
Father of American psychology; functionalist
Wilhelm Wundt
Father of Modern Psychology who established the first psychology lab; Structuralist who wanted to study the “atoms of the mind” (psychophysics)
Ivan Pavlov
A Russian psychologist who pioneered the study of learning. He pioneered “classical conditioning,” which is focused on reflexes
Jean Piaget
A Swiss biologist who was the century’s most influential observer of children (developmental psychologist). Theory of cognitive development
B.F. Skinner
Pioneered “operant conditioning,” which is focused on behaviors. Used the “Skinner box” to condition rats
John B. Watson
The founder of behaviorism who conducted the “Little Albert” experiment (conditioned a baby to fear a rabbit)
Gustav Fechner
A German scientist and philosopher who studied the edge of our awareness of faint stimuli, or absolute threshold
Ernst Weber
Established Weber’s Law, which states that for an average person to perceive a difference, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage
David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel
Nobel Prize winners who discovered that our minds deconstruct visual images and reassemble them via feature detectors
Sigmund Freud
Freud believed the unconscious was a hiding place for our most anxiety-provoking ideas and emotions, and that uncovering those hidden thoughts could lead to healing. Psychoanalytic perspective
Edward Thorndike
A behaviorist who created the Law of Effect
John Garcia
Contributed to learning theory through his theory of taste aversion, which disproved the notion that a US must immediately follow a CS
Edward C. Tolman
Conducted studies that showed that animals can create cognitive maps of places; a form of latent learning
Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner
Created the contingency model. Conducted an experiment with rats that showed that animals can react to the predictability of an event (cognition is involved in learning)
Wolfgang Köhler
Studied the phenomenon of insight learning. Found that other animals like chimps can demonstrate it
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Created the forgetting curve, which establishes that forgetting occurs rapidly at first and then levels out
Elizabeth Loftus
Showed how people/eyewitnesses can misremember faces/events and how easy it is to reconstruct memories
Noam Chomsky
Argued for the idea of “universal grammar,” that humans have the innate ability to learn language
Benjamin Lee Whorf
Came up with the idea of “linguistic determinism,” that language controls the way we think
George A. Miller
Proposed that we can store +/- 7 pieces of information in short-term memory
Francis Galton
The first to propose that intelligence is inherited. Supported eugenics
James Cattell
Proposed that there were two clusters of mental abilities (crystallized and fluid intelligence)
Charles Spearman
Proposed the “g” factor (general intelligence). It underlies all mental abilities
Howard Gardner
Proposed the theory of multiple intelligence (8 relatively independent intelligences)
Robert Sternberg
Proposed the triarchic theory of intelligence (analytical, practical, and creative intelligence)
Alfred Binet
Developed the first intelligence test. Came up with the idea of “mental age”
Lewis Terman
Adopted Binet’s intelligence test, which measured one’s intelligence relative to the average performance of others the same age. Called the Stanford-Binet test
David Wechsler
Created the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), the most widely-used intelligence test today. It provides an overall intelligence score and scores on its subtests
James Flynn
A researcher who discovered that average intelligence has slowly risen over time (Flynn Effect)
Lev Vygotsky
Conceptualized the zone of proximal development, which stated that development is a social process too
Harry Harlow
Discovered that contact comfort is more important then feeding when conducting studies with monkeys
Diana Baumrind
Established the four parenting styles (authoritarian, permissive, neglectful, authoritative)
Mary Ainsworth
Developed the “strange situation” paradigm, which determines attachment style (secure vs. insecure attachment)
Lawrence Kohlberg
Created the three stages of moral development
Carol Gilligan
Said that women come to prioritize an “ethics of care” as their sense of morality evolves along with their sense of self while men prioritize an “ethics of justice.” Moral reasoning and moral behaviors are different
Erik Erikson
Came up with the 8 stages of socioemotional development. Each stage represents a crisis that must be resolved, results in competence or weakness
Leon Festinger
Came up with the theory of cognitive dissonance
Carl Jung
A neo-Freudian who believed in the collective unconscious
Karen Horney
A neo-Freudian who said that personality develops in the context of social relationships (NOT sexual urges) and discounted Freud’s idea of “penis envy”
Alfred Adler
A neo-Freudian who coined the term “inferiority complex”
Paul Costa and Robert McCrae
Came up with the “Big Five” personality traits (OCEAN)
Carl Rogers
A humanist who talked about how self-concept (our idea of who we are) is the center of our personality
Albert Bandura
Experimented with observational learning in his Bobo Doll experiment. Talked about reciprocal determinism (interactions of our behavior, cognition, and environment make up a person)
Soloman Asch
Experimented with conformity when he showed lines of different lengths and confederates gave wrong answers to see if others would go along with it
Stanley Milgrim
Conducted a study on obedience when he tested to see how many volts of electricity a person would deliver to another person if told to do so
Philip Zimbardo
Studied social roles in the Stanford Prison Experiment
Aaron T. Beck
Developed the cognitive approach to therapy, which seeks to correct irrational thoughts
Albert Ellis
Developed rational-emotive therapy, which analyzes self-defeating behaviors to change thought patterns
