AOTA Pediatric Assessment and Intervention Flashcards
what three major cardiovascular changes must take place at birth?
hole between right and left atria must close
dcutus arteriosis must close
ductus venosus must close
what are the three categories of heart defects
defets that increase pulmonary blood flow
defects that decrease pulmonary blood flow
defects mixed with pulmonary blood flow
what are some OT treatment implications for children with congential heart defets
children may have decreased enduracne but develop normally
pace actitivites accordingly
selective care
education in general health maintenacne.
define bradydysrhytmia
abnormally slow heart rate <60 bpm
define tachydysrhythmia
abnormally fast heart rate >200-300 bpm
define respiratory distress syndrome
acute condition; common in preterm; caseud byb deficiency of surfactant; results in compromised oxygen absroption and carbon dizoide elimination
define bronchopulmonary dysplasia
results of prolonged use of mechanical ventilation and other traumatic interventions to trat acute repsriatory problems
define asthma
bronical smooth muscle hyperreactivity that causes airway constriction in lower repsiratory trac,t difficulty breathng and wheezing.
how can OTs treat asthnma
education on irritans
self-management strats
peer-group acitivites
education on breathing exercisesm, stretching and controileld breathing.
define cystic fibrorsis
degnerative condition caused by inherited autosomal recessive disorder
characterize dby uscle-pproducing glands malfunctioning and producing secretions that atre thick, viscous and lacking water that block pancreatic duct, bronchial tree and disgestive tract.
describe OT treatment of CF
educatiom about progression
instruction in energy conservation
education in promoting efficient breathing.
define erythrocytosis
too many RBCs which leads to transient leukemia
define hemopohila
absense or reduction of one of the clitting blood proteins.
define the three types of hemophilia
mild - bleeding after traumatic event
moderate - bleeding after minor injuries
severe - bleeding after an apparent cue.
define anemia
iron deficiceny in blood
define sickle cell anemia
abnormally shaped red blood cells that causes decreased energy
define osteogenesis imperfecta
brittle bone disease.= in which minor trauma can cause fracture
define marfan’s syndrome
excessive growth at ephyphseal plates.
long and slender fingers, skull asymmertries, tall stature. lax and hypermobile joints
define achondroplasia
grow to 4 feet tall or less; limbs are short in length; prominent forehead and small nose/jaw.
define arthrogryposis multiplex congential
reduced anteiror horn cells in spinal ord; incomplete contracture of many or all of joints.
presents with stiff and spindly extremities
OT treatment for AMC include
increase and mitain client’s ROM and strength
increase functional participation in occupations
define congential clubfoot
unilateral or bilateral forefoot adduction and supination, heel varus, equinus of ankle, medial deviation of foot.
define congential club hand
partial or full absence of the radius and bowing of the uylnar shaft with absensce or underdevleiopment of UE nerve and muscualture.
define devleopmental dysplasia of hip
hip laxity. treated with bracing, casting, or splinting.
define polydactyly
excess of fingers or toes.
define syndactlyl
webbing occurs betwen figners or toes.
define bradydactlyl
overly large digits
define macrodactlyl
overly small digits
define amelia
absense of limb or distal segments of a limb
define strain
too strong an effort or excessive use of a particiular body part and is charaterized by trauma to the mucle or muscle-tendon insertion
define sprain
trauma to joint and is characterized by raid swelling, heat and impaired fgunction
define bruise (contusion)
caused by injury with diffuse impact into the subcutaneous tissue and is charactesed by skiun discoloration.
define JRA
joint inflammation, joint stiffnes,s joint contractures, charge in growth patterns. most comon form of arthritis in children.
what are the OT interventions for JRA
splinting, involve client in AROM and PROM, monitor joint function and prevention of deformity
educate client in energy conservation.
define the different types of fractures
complete - bone is broken straight through
cominuted - bone is broken into many splinted pieces
compoiund - leads to external wound at site of fracture
epipphyseal 0- break occurs betwen shaft of bone at epiphysis
greenstick - partiually brokoen and partially bent
intrauterine - broken in utero
define lordosis
anteroposterior curvature directed posteriorly; hollow spine
define kyphosis
posterior convexity
define scoliosis
lateral survature, spinal rotation, and thoracic hypokyphisis
define treatment ideas for curvature of the spine
stretching, postural training, bracing, splinting.
define CP
nonprogressive condition that encompasses neuroloigic, motor and postural deficits.
characterized by difficulty maintianing normal muscle postures because of lack of muscle coactivation and devleopment of abnormal compenastory movement patterns.
define hemiplegia
affect UE and LE on one side of the body
define qwuadriplegia
affets UE and LE on both sides
define diplegia
quadriplegia with mild UE involvement and significant involvement in LE
define athetotis
fluctuation of tone from low to normal with little spasticity
define choreoathetosis
constant fluctuation from low to high tone, without cocontractions; apppear as jerky movement
define flaccidity
marked low tone
define ataxia
tone usually within normal range but involving LE flexion pattenrs.
describe OT treatment for CP
maintain AROM and PROM through stretching, exercise and orthotics
use AE and AT to enhance particppation and independence in education, play, leisure and doical participation
seating and positioning
CIMT
define tonic clonic seizures
expeirecnes sensation that seizure is about to begin; followed byu LOC and rhythmic clonic contractions. last 5 mins or longer. incontinence is common.
define absence seizures
brief lapse or loss of awareness along with absence of motor activity.
define myoclonic seizures
contractions sf single muiscles or muscle groups
define akinetic seizures
loss of muscle tone for more than 30 miknutes
define status epliectus
extened seizures; prompt medical intervention needed to maintain body functions and hydration
define complex partial seizures
originate in tempoiral lob and appear a lip smacking, chewing or buttoning, and unbuttoning clothes. charactertics similar to absence seizures
define simple partial seizures
originate in motr corte ans result in cloniic activity fo face or exremnities; person may experience visual or auditory hallucinations or olfactory sensations
define musclar dystrophies
progressive degneration and weakness of a variteyt of muscle groups and could lead to death.
define limb girdle MD
affects proxmial uscles of the pelvis and shoulder girdle
define fascioscapulohumeral MD
afects face, UE and scapuarl region
define DMD
enlarged muscles and postuiive gower’s sign are present.
difficulty going up stairs.
ADLs are difificult byu age 2-6
die near 20s.
what are some implications for intervention for DMD
maximize and prolong indepdpence
prevent deformity
work on strenght and ROM
AE
define congenital muscular dystrophy
disorders with onset in utero orduring 1st year of life.
hypotonia, generalized musclec weakness, and contractures.
presenattion inlcudes floppy child with muscle weakness inf ace, neck, trunk, limbs,m decreased muscle mass, absent deep tendon relfees
what are some implications for OT intervention for CMD
increase mobility and prevent contracturtes
use adaptive equipment and orthotics
maintain indepdnent mobility
define spina bifida
congenital defect of vertebral arches and spinal column.
define meningocele spina bifidia
extensive spinal opeining with exposed pouch of CSF and meningies
define myclomeningocele
most severe; excessive spinal copening with exposed pouch of CSF and meningies.
describe implications for OT treatment with spina bifida
bowel and blader programs
work on cognitive and learning issues
education on skin care, urology and diet.
AD for mobility
define erb-duchenne palso
weakness or wasting of smal muscles of hands and sensory discimination in hand/arm
unilateral
define klumpke palsy
paralysis of hand and wrist muscles (claw hand deformity)
describe implications for OT intervention for periphernal nerve injuruies
fabrication of sling. PROM/AROM resistive exercise and weight bearing tactile stimulation engagement in activities that are bilateral in nature retregrade massage.
define the two types of TBI
closed - rapid movement of head in which brain strikes skull
open - object entered brain
describe the two types of forces for TBIs
impact - head striking sruface from moving oibject striking head
inertial - rapid acceleration and deceleration of brain inside skull.
what are some red flags for TBIs
LOS, lethargy, confusion, seere headache, nausea, vomiting, speech or motor impairments.
what treatments are performed in acute care for TBIs
sensory stimulation
ROM positioning
splinting
what treamtnets are performed in rehab for TBIs
assessments of motor and process, visual perceptuial, visual motor, sensory processing, psychosicla factors, safety adn ADL/IADL assessments
regaining function with ADLs, IADLs, executive functioning and education for ADs
what tratments are performed in community reentry for TBIs
home and community visits to assess activity demands and problme solve strts
describe the levels of intellectual disabilities
mild - between 55-70. third to seveneth grade level
moderate - 40-55. second grade skills.
severe - 25-40. basic ADls and health habits. requires supports.
profound - below 25. caregiver assistance for everything.
what are some indications for tx for ID
supports to meet devleopmental milestones
support for devleopment of functional skills
support for development of vocational interest and skills
general adaption of enviornmen.
what is ASD characterized by?
severe and complex impairments in social interaction and communication skuills and by the presence of stereotypical behaviors, inteests and activities. difficulties wqith sensory processing and sensory modulation
difficulties with cognition
dififculties with motor skills
difficiutles wiht communication
define rett shyndrome
progressive neurologic disorder caused by genetic mutation found only in girls.
loss of hand skills and demonstrates porly coordinated trunk adn gait coordination.
nonambulatory and noverbal by late childhood.
define ADHD
difficulty maintaining attention and increased hyperactivity and impulsivity
dificulty paying atetnetion
avoid task that require sustained attention
frequenty fidgeting
excessive talking
what are some implications for OT intervention for ADHD
cognitive bheaviora therapy
behavior modification
educational interventions, including safety awareness
social skills training
modifying classrooim environments, espeically rganization of space and objets
self-management tehcniques
inteventions to enhacnce sensory modulation and support orgnizationla routines.
define dyslexia
diffiuclty with reading
define dysgraphia
diffuclty with writing
define dyscalculia
difficulty with math
what are some implications for treatment for learning disabilities
sensory integration, play, solication, and self help, perceptual-motor integration, writing skills, independent living skills, social skills, and devleopment of compenastory adn adaptive techniques.
define tourettes syndrome
neurologicla disorder
lack of mucle coordination, unvoluntary purposeless movements, tics and incoherent grunts.
define trisomy 21
short stature and often have small heads hat are flatteend in back; cardiovascular anomalies
atlantoaxial instability that can lead to spinal cord damage.
describe OT intervention for trisomy 21
feeding support, addressing developmental delays, supporting motor planning and cognitive devleoipment, environmental and trask modification,f amily coaching adnt raining, suport for the devlopment of self-dtermineation skills, prevocational training, supporting devleopment of ADLs/IADLs.
define trisomy 12
multiple anomalies affecting eyes, ears, nos, lip, plate and digits.
define turner’s syndrome
webbing or neck, congential edema of the extremities and cardiac problems
define cri du chat syndrome
weak and catlike cry; microcephaly, down-slanting eyes, cardiac abnormalities and failure to thrive.
define klinefelters syndrome
learning disabiltiies and emotinal and bheavioral porblems.
define fragile x syndrome
intellectual disability, craniofacial eformities, elongated face, proimninet jaw, large ears, pes planus hypermobile joints.
define neurofibromatosis
mild intellectual impairments or learning diabiltiies, speech disorders, short stature and skeletal anomalies
define parder willi syndrome
present with moderate intelelctual disabilities, food seeking behaviorsm hypotonia, por thermal regulation, underdeveloped sx organs, long face with slanted eyes.
define williams syndrome
cerebral and cardiovascular abnormlaities.
an ID but characteristic affintiyt for music, social skilsl and writing.
define PKU
cannot priocess amino acid in proteins. sever intellectual and behavioral difficulties
define galactosemia
inabilty to convert milk sugar to glucose. symptoms include jaundice, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, cataracter, systemic infections.
define lesch-nyhan syndrome
progressive neuromuscular disease that results in dificulty metabolizing purines.
define devleoipmental coordination disorder
developmental disorder of motor funciton;. developmental dyspraxia
delayed achievement of motort milestones and basic self care skills.
describe implications for OT tx for DCD
emphasize improving ocupatiuona lperformance
implement moficiations and accomodations
provuide support in physical education
prmote safe practice of motor skills
provide support for development of good self concept
proviude indivifula intervention of mastery of skills before being ask to perform in front of large group
define STORCH
syphilis - can get osteochondritis
toxoplasmosis - have ID, CP, seizures, cardiac and liver damge.
other infections
rubella - have ID, hearing loss, CHD
cytomegalovirus - universal precautions. LBW, hearing loss
herpes simplex virus 2 - internal organ lesions and central nervous system damage.
define AIDs
transmitted to infants by perinatal contact with mother in utero.
can cause chronic respiratory illness, skin infections, and diarrhea are common.
devleopmental delays.
ot intervention includes dedvleopmental assessments and educational support.
define encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
signs - fever, headache, dizziness, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, tremors and ataxia.
define meningitis
infectionnof tissue that covers brain and spinal cord.
what are some implications for ot intervention for children with visual impairments
play exploration support accomodations and modifications for learning. provude opporunties fo children to leanr use sensory integrative therapy support social particppation support development self care devleop tactile and proprioceptive abilities improve fine motor manipulation maximuze functional use of vision.
desribe implications for ot intervention for hearing impairment
use of sensory integrative therapy
support vestibular funciton
maximize use of residual hearing
encourage age-appropriate self care skills
enhance fine motor coordination and skills
maxiomze oral-=motor coordinantion
maximize viual processing, integrationand perception
encourage socialization and peer pinteraction
use backward and forwardchaining.
describe the development of prewirint and handwriting in young children
age 10-12 months - scribbles
2 years - imitates horizontal, verticle and circular marks
age 3 - copies verticla line, horizontal line and circle
age 4-5 copies cross, right oblique line, square, left diagonal line, left oblizue cross, some letter and numbers; may write own name.
age 5-6 - copies triangle, prints own name, copies most letters.
what are benbows developmental classification of factors that are basis of skills hand use
UE support wrist and hand devleopment visual control biteral integration' spatial analsysi kinesthesia
what are some ot interventions to support development of reading skills
fine motor control isolated finger movements prewriting lines and shapes left-right discimriniation print orientation letter discriminiation
describe the typical pencil grasp
primite grip - whole hand or extended fingers and apronated forearm are used ot hold writin gitensil
transitional grip - writing utensil is held wih gflxed fingers with pronated forearm and radial side down adn then progresses to supinated forearm position
mature grip - stabilzied by distal phalanges of the humbm middle and index finger, ring finger may also be used. wrist is slightly exnteded dna dupinated forearm rest
describe functional grips
dynamic tripod - pencil rest against distal pahalnx of radial side of middle finger, pads of fingers control movement. thub is opposed to index.
lateral tripod - pencil rest against radial side of middle finger, and pads of ingers contro movement; thumb is not opposed to index finger and rest on distal interphalangeal joint
dynamic quadruped - pencil rests against distal phalanx of radial side of the ring finger, and pads of fingers control movement; thumb is opposed to tindex finger
lateral quadruped - pencil rest against radial side of ring finger, pads of fingers control movment; thumb is not oposed to index finger adn rest on distal interphalangeal joint.
what are the components of legibility
letter formation alignment spacing sizing slant word legibility formula
defikne underractivity
hyporesponsivity; children demonstrate pattern that looks as though theyf fail to orient to stimuli
define overreactivity
children demonsrtate pattern that looks as tshough they overorient to stimuli.
define senosry seeking behavior
due to hyporesponsivity to a stimuli.
children who seek vestibular imput may need what
they may need a lot of imput to get going. they are reckless or risk takers
children who seek proprioceptive input may need what
may need their need met by engaging in rough housing and other activigies that provide deep pressure imput or muscle resistane.
define tactile defensiveness
extreme reaction or overreaction ot tactile unput
define gravitational insecuryity
overresponvivity to vestibular input
describe interventions for children with sensory integration isisues
better organization of adaptive responses to ehnace child;s general behavioral organization
occurs on individual basis.
what are the expected outcomes for interventions of children with sensory integration issues
increase freqeuncy or duration of adaptive responses
devleolpment of increasingly more complex adaptive responsesimprovement in gross and fine mtor skills
cognitive, language and acadmic performance
self confidence and self esteem
enhancement of ocupational engagement
enhancement of family life.
descibe intervention strats for working with children with behavioral disorders
goal directed and appropraite for intervention context
take place in natural eniroemnts whenever possible
motigviating and meaikngiful
provide just right challenge
enjoyable for child.
basd on RI
reinforcement of preferred behavior.
describe skills realted to dressing by age.
1 - pulls of shoes and removes socks.
2 - doff coat, removes shoes, pulls down pants,locates arm holes.
2 1/2 - pull down pants, puts on socks, coat and shirt. undoes large buttons.
3 - don shirt with little assit. put on shoes. put on socks. zip zipper.
3 1/2 - distinguish between front and back of clothing. manage snaps and hooks. unzup zupper. button buttons. put on mittons.
4 - removes pullover garment. buckle buclkes. zip ziupper completey. lace shoes.
4 1/2 - wave belt through belt loops
5 - tie and untie knots.
6 - can tie bows. manage fasteners.
describe skills related to tolieting by age.
1 - expresses discomfort when diaper is wet or dirty.
1 1/2 can sit on toliet with supervision
2 0 hows interest in tolieting.
2 1/2 - tells someone when having to go to the bathroom. ragular tolieting schedule. wahses hands indepdenently.
3 - goes to bathroom independentl.y assist wih winping.
4-5 - independent with tolieting.
describe skills related to mobility by age.
age 7 - bear weight through both lower extremities. transition from siting to kneeling.
9 months - able to stand while holding onto surface or a piece of furnites; begins to crawl
age 10 months - taking purposeful steps while hodling on to an adults hands for assistance
age 12 months - begin to walk indepdnently.
