Anytime (done perman) (m-10.4) Flashcards
PKU: pathway
Phenylalanine hydroxylase catalyzes PA -> tyrosine
no PAH
up PA
Alkaptonuria pathway
Tyrosine -> homogentisic acid
HGA -> (HGA oxidase) -> fumarate
HGA oxidase def
HGA up
Maple syrup urine disease pathway
BCCA breakdown cat by BC ketoacid dehydrogenase
X BCKD
up BCAA
Which disease is most severe to brain (tremor, slurred speech, blurred vision)
Hyper ammonia
hyperammonia genetic mec
ornithine trans carbamoylase def
fructose metabolism rxn
f -> fk -> f 1 p -> aldolase -> glyceraldehyde 3 p -> glycolysis
pentose phosphate rxn
G 6 p -> g 6 p dehydrogenase (rle) -> NADPH + ribose 5 p
HDL: reverse transport of cholesterol from periphery to liver using what enzyme
LCAT
how treat dys lipi demia?
give statin (blocks HMG coa reductase) -> reduce cholesterol
list the major salivary glands and whether they are serous, mixed, or mucous
Parotid - serous
Sub mandibular - mixed
sub lingual - mucous
histamine, creatine, and 5-HT are products of what rxn
mediated by what enz
rxn: decarboxylation
enz: pyridoxal phosphate
indicator of liver damage
AST
ALT
asparate
alanine
aminotransferase
congenital lactic acidosis symptom in urine
inc fumarate and AKG
which disease is linked to non ketotic hypoglycemia
MCAD
SCID is caused by what def
adenosine deaminase def
flurouracil mec
inhibits thymidylate synthase (blocks dUMP to dTMP)
ileal diverticulum is what
remnant of yolk stalk
read: pain similar to append.
pain from appendicitis results from what
irritation of parietal peritoneum lining in the posterior ab wall
which diseases cause RBC to lyse bc they lack a key energy source
pyruvate kinase def
hemolytic anemia
describe mec of hemolytic anemia
def G 6 P dehydrogenase (cat G 6 P + NADP -> NADPH)
no NADPH means no detox in RBC
anemia
hemolytic anemia crises occur when
when exposed to
- antibiotic
- antimalarial
- antipyretic
- beans
galactosemia mec
causes what symptoms
def of G 1 P uridyl transferase
baby liver disease and sepsis
arsenic poisoning mec
Which disease is associated with Xanthoma?
inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase
type 1 glycogen storage disease
congenital lactic acidosis cause 2
def in pyruvate dehydrogenase
(normal: pyruvate -> ACA)
Pathway in diseased person: glucose -> pyruvate (low G, high pyruvate) -> but cannot use pyruvate -> lactate compensates (high lactate)
two way flow occurs in hepatic vessel (be specific)
cystic duct
draw out pyrimidine synthesis rxn
glutamine -> via carbamoyl phosphate synthase 2 (RLE) -> CP -> orotate (final added to PRPP) -> OMP -> UMP -> UDP -> UTP -> glutamine donates AA -> CTP
foregut: sympathetic innervation
mid
hind
greater splanchnic -> celiac ganglia
mid: lesser s -> sup mesenteric gang
h: lumbar s -> IMG
which organ starts off as two separate buds, but one swings around 180 and joins with the second bud to form the organ (on the dorsal side)
pancreas
Type 1 glycogen storage disease caused by
def G 6 phosphatase
norm: G6P -> glucose
low glucose means get diabetes symptoms
name the three drugs that are associated with THF/folate
methotrexate
flurouracil
solfonamide
allopurinol is used to treat what disease
Gout
Hartnup’s disease mec
def tryptophan (resembles pellagra) (norm: try -> niacin)
biosynthesis of non essential AA is accomplished via what type of rxn
trans animation
Vitamin B6 is involved in what rxn (MAIN)
AA 1 + AKA 2 -> via B6/pyridoxal phosphate -> alpha keto acid 1 + AA 2
nitrogen is transported to liver via what
peripheral tissue uses what as its carrier
how about muscle
carrier mol (created via transamination)
Peri-glutamine
mus-alanine
which pathways use uridyltransferase
1 glycogenesis (G6P -> G1P -> via UDT -> UDP G -> via G synthase -> glycogen) 2 galactose metabolism (Galactose 1 P -> via UDT -> glucose 1 P)
which pathway uses citrate as its first step
fatty acid synthesis
which pathway uses HMG coA synthase
ketogenesis
the “tube” that is the intestine rotates around what thing (like an axis)
final form is the twisted mass that is the intestine
superior mesenteric artery
write out pyrimidine synthesis
glutamine -> carbamoyl phosphate synthase 2 -> carbamoyl phosphate -> orotate -> OMP -> UMP -> UDP -> UTP -> glutamine donates amino group -> CTP
acini cells produce enzymes that are released in response to what chemical
CCK
CCK is secreted by (what) cells (letter in alphabet)
I as in ice cream
types of cells in exocrine pancreas
function
- ductal (secrete bicarbonate in response to secretin)
- centroacinar (just a ductal cell in center of acinus)
three things in portal triad in liver: hepatic artery, bile duct, and portal vein
which of these goes OUT of the liver
bile duct
describe the VENOUS pathway thru liver and after it
portal vein goes into liver
in liver, portal vein goes to central vein
leaving the liver: CV -> hepatic vein -> IVC
name all the things that can inhibit things in the ETC
aspirin - inhibits proton gradient across IMM
rotenone - inh complex 1
cyanide, CO, sodium azide - inh complex 4
oligomycin - inh ATP synthase
