9-1 (perman done) Flashcards
what’s the prob of an obese person losing enough weight to be non obese
less than 5%
in recent years, obesity has come to be seen as what kind of disease
pathway
inflammatory disease
adipose tissue expands beyond blood supply -> hypoxia -> inflammatory response -> inf mediators can induce insulin resistance
def epigenetics
study of heritable characteristics that are indep of DNA sequence
interesting observation about babies born to WW2 mothers who starved
imp of study
babies had MORE:
- obesity, diabetes
- heart disease
prenatal factors can induce epigenetic changes that predispose ppl to a condition
read: obese during preg -> gestational diabetes -> child has obesity
-
only effective way to lose weight is
achieve negative energy balance
how has diet changed since 1970 (% wise)
50% MORE in all categories
read: qualities of fad diet
1 fast 2 limit nutrients 3 celeb in their ads 4 products are sold along with diet 5 promotion is critical of scientific evidence
-
Paleo diet def
diet of ancestors
- berries
- meat
- animal fat
NO farmed (goal is pre agricultural) and processed foods
are vegetarian diets “fad” diets
no
which diet is high carb, low fat
Omish
what is the most famous low carb diet
Atkins
read: for a diet, you decide to reduce a macronutrient (ie carb or fat)
but it turns out, it doesn’t matter which you inhibit; you lose weight either way
-
read: health benefits of olive oil
- reduced heart disease
- lower breast cancer
- lower neurodegeneration
-
what type of olive oil is the healthy kind
extra virgin
what’s the largest fat constituent of olive oil
oleic
want to lose weight - should you snack?
NO
lower food quantity means more efficient at calorie conversion so snacking actually means a good amount of calories
you want to keep your REE as low as possible while you are on a diet
which should you reduce (fat/carb/protein)
reduce fat
REL of heart disease and breakfast and late night eating
skipping breakfast = 30% higher risk
eat late at night = 50% higher risk
WHAT changes as a result of
- breast vs formula feeding
- use of antibiotics
- eating processed foods
microbiome
antibiotic exposure during early years was associated with (inc/dec) body mass in healthy children
inc
def GMO
dna was altered in lab
are GMOs safe? (scientific evi)
yes - safe
(T/F) drinking coffee = lower mortality
false
what’s the dif bt relative and absolute risk
ex: risk dropped from 2 per 100 ppl to 1/100
ab risk = 1%
(99% of ppl did not benefit from drug)
relative risk = 50%
dietary fad can be trying to prevent obscure diseases
ex
celiac disease (gluten sensitivity) occurs in 1% of pop
read: food labelling is misleading
ex: writes 0% trans fat but there is actually some hydrogenated oils
-
name the gov food labeling campaign
smart choices
what’s the most prevalent med implication of BMI over 30
diabetes
Which state has the lowest rate of obesity
highest
Colorado
hi-West Virginia and Mississippi
when are you eligible for bariatric surgery
severely obese (BMI 35-40) WITH obesity related co morbidities
morbidly obese (BMI over 40)
read: to be eligible for bariatric surgery, you have to prove that you tried multiple times to lose weight
-
what nutrient are you likely to be deficient in after a bariatric surgery
protein
list some LATE post operative gastric bypass complications
- wound hernia (read: also breakdown of staple line; read: ulcer at anastomosis)
- nutritional problems
rank the weight loss surgeries in order of MOST weight loss to least
1 BPD (most)
2 roux en Y/GB
3 sleeve g
4 lap band
weight loss after gastric bypass peaks when
peaks at 18 months POST surgery
0-18 months: increases steadily (inc in amount of weight lost)
foregut theory
give ex of effect
take out things that usually caused insulin DE sensitivity or dec insulin secretion
ex: stim L cell -> inc GLP (glucagon like peptide) secretion -> inc insulin release
hindgut theory
give ex of effect
direct delivery of food to jejunum triggers factors that enhance insulin secretion
ex: stim L cell -> inc GLP secretion -> inc insulin release
what’s the only hormone I need to know from this lecture
GLP 1
- induces insulin release
- secreted by intestines
which form of DEATH due to malnutrition (starvation/chronic disease/acute disease) OCCURS the fastest?
acute
