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Medicine > Antomy 4 > Flashcards

Antomy 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Page 6

Greater Sciatic Foramen

A

Greater Sciatic Notch with Sacrospinous and Sacrotuberous ligaments

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2
Q

What does Greater Sciatic Foramen
Contain ?

A

1vein
Pudendal vein

1muscle
Piriformis muscle

2arteries
Pudendal artery
Inferior Gluteal

6nerves

Inferior Gluteal nerve
Pudendal nerve,

Nerve to Quadratus femoris muscle.
Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh.

  1. Nerve to Obturator internus muscle.
  2. Nerve to Quadratus femoris muscle.
  3. Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh.

Sciatic nerve

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3
Q

What is the Lesser Sciatic Foramen

A

Lesser sciatic foramen is made up of the Lesser sciatic notch, Sacrospinous and Sacrotuberous ligaments

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4
Q

What does Lesser Sciatic Foramen contain?

A

Tendon of the obturator internus.
2. Nerve of the obturator internus
3. Pudendal nerve.
4. Internal pudendal artery.

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5
Q

It is the largest, longest, and strongest bone in the body.

A

Femor

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6
Q

What is the shape of the head of femor

A

hemispheric

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7
Q

……… is a small depression in the center of the head for the attachment of the ligament of the head.

A

Fovea capitis

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8
Q

weakest point. It connects the head to the shaft.

A

Neck of femor

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9
Q

Eminences

A

There are large Eminences at junction of the neck and shaft:
1. Greater trochanter: large, superior, and lateral.
2. Lesser trochanter: small, inferior, and medial.

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10
Q

Connecting the two trochanters are the ……. anteriorly, and the prominent ….. posteriorly.

A

intertrochanteric line

intertrochanteric crest

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11
Q

What are components of distal end of femor

A

Condoles
Epicondyles
Intercondylar fossa posteriorily
They attach to the tibia and patella and form the hip joint

• Lower end of femur has lateral and medial Condyles, separated posteriorly by the Intercondylar fossa.
- The two condyles take part in the formation of the knee joint.
• Above the condyles are the medial and the lateral Epicondyles.

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12
Q

Linea aspera

Posterior lateral anterior medial of femor ?

A

Shaft has a ridge posteriorly called the Linea aspera

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13
Q

Eminences
تفصل بين الneck والshaft
تقع medially and laterally
بينها line anteriorily and crest posteriorily

A

There are large Eminences at junction of the neck and shaft:
1. Greater trochanter: large, superior, and lateral.
2. Lesser trochanter: small, inferior, and medial.
- Connecting the two trochanters are the intertrochanteric line anteriorly, and the prominent intertrochanteric crest posteriorly.

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14
Q

Which muscles helps in stabilizing the hip joint

A

Gluteus Minimus

Gluteus Medius

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15
Q

WHAT ARE THE superficial MUSCLES OF GLUTEAL REGION?

A
  1. Gluteus Maximus:
  2. Gluteus Medius
  3. Gluteus Minimus
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16
Q
  1. Gluteus Minimus
A

Origin: Outer surface of Ilium.
• Insertion: Greater trochanter.
• Action: Powerful abduction at the hip, medial rotation of thigh

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17
Q

Gluteus Medius

A

Origin: Outer surface of Ilium.
• Insertion: Greater trochanter.
• Action: Powerful abduction at the hip, medial rotation of thigh

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18
Q

Gluteus Maximus

A

• Origin: Ilium, Sacrum, and Coccyx.
• Insertion: Gluteal tuberosity of femur, Iliotibial tract (band). • Action: Extension, lateral rotation, and abduction at the hip. • Innervation: Inferior gluteal nerve

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19
Q

the short lateral rotators of the thigh

A

They are the deep MUSCLES IN GLUTEAL REGION

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20
Q

the short lateral rotators
Deep muscles of the gleuteum

A

Piriformis

Obturator Internus

Gamellus Superior

Gamellus Inferior

Quadratus femoris

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21
Q

Piriformis

A

Origin: Pelvic surface of sacrum (2nd, 3rd, and 4th pieces + Sarcotuberous ligament).
• Insertion: Greater trochanter.

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22
Q

Obturator Internus

A

Origin: Pelvic surfaces of body of ischium, ischial tuberosity, ischio-pubic ramus, obturator membrane and fascia.
• Insertion: Greater trochanter.

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23
Q

Gamellus Superio

A

Origin: Ischial spine.
• Insertion: Tendon of obturator internus.
• Innervation: Nerve to obturator internus.
Action is short lateral rotation

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24
Q

Gamellus Inferior:

A

• Origin: Ischial tuberosity.
• Insertion: Tendon of obturator internus.
• Innervation: Nerve to quadratus femoris

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25
Q

Quadratus femoris

A

Origin is ischeal tuberosity
Insertion is quadrate tubercle of femor

26
Q

Half of the ……… is in …… , the other half is in the ……., and the tendon is in the…….

A

Obturatior internus
Pelvis
Perineum
Gluteal region

27
Q

When this muscle leaves the pelvis, it goes through the lesser sciatic foramen and enters the gluteal region.

A

Obturator Internus

28
Q

When this muscle leaves the pelvis, it enters through the greater sciatic foramen and separates its contents into sup. and inf.
- Above this muscle, emerges the superior gluteal nerve and artery. Below it, emerges the sciatic nerve and its branches.

A

Piriformis

29
Q

WHAT ARE THE MUSCLES OF ABDOMEN?

A

. External Oblique Muscle

. Internal Oblique Muscle

Transversus Abdominis Muscle

30
Q

. External Oblique Muscle

A

this is the largest and the most superficial abdominal muscle

• Origin: Lower 8 ribs.
• Insertion differs according to the fibers of the muscle:
a. Upper and Middle fibers are directed Anteroinferiorly, and inserts into Xiphoid process, Linea alba, pubic crest and tubercle.
b. Lower fibers passes nearly vertical to insert into the anterior half of the iliac crest.
• Functions: compresses abdominal contents and flexes the trunk.

31
Q

Internal Oblique Muscle

A

• Origin: Thoracolumbar fascia, anterior 2/3’s of iliac crest (Intermediate line: between origins of transversus abdominis and external oblique muscles), and lateral 2/3’s of inguinal ligament.
- Fibers of this muscle run Superomedially.
• Insertion: Lower 3 or 4 ribs and costal cartilages, Xiphoid process, Linea alba, and Symphysis pubis.
- Lowest tendinous fibers joint with fibers of transverses abdominis to form the Conjoint tendon.

32
Q

Transversus Abdominis Muscle

A

• Origin: Costal cartilages of lower 6 ribs. Thoracolumbar fascia, anterior 2/3’s of iliac crest, and lateral 1/3 of inguinal ligament.
- Fibers of this muscle run horizontally anteriorly.
• Insertion: Xiphoid process, linea alba, pubic crest, pectineal line, and symphysis pubis.

33
Q

Conjoint tendon

A

Lowest tendinous fibers of Internal Oblique Muscle joint with fibers of transverses abdominis to form the Conjoint tendon

34
Q

Intermediate line

A

Intermediate line: between origins of transversus abdominis and external oblique muscles), and lateral 2/3’s of inguinal ligament.
Internal Oblique Muscle origin is Thoracolumbar fascia والثلثين الanterior والثلثين الlateral

Transversus Abdominis Muscl origin is Thoracolumbar fascia والثلثين الanteior والثلث الlateral ++++costalcartilage of lower 6 ribs

35
Q

Origin of

External Oblique Muscle

Internal Oblique Muscle

Transversus Abdominis Muscle

A

Xiphoid process, Linea alba, pubic crest and tubercle
Lower fibers vertical to insert into the anterior half of the iliac cres

Xiphoid process, Linea alba, and Symphysis pubis.++++ Lower 3 or 4 ribs and costal cartilage

Xiphoid process, linea alba, and symphysis pubis.++++ pubic crest, pectineal line

36
Q

Conjoint tendon fix what?

A

, the lowest tendon of this muscle joins the lowest tendon of the internal oblique to form the conjoint tendon. This tendon is fixed to the pubic crest and pectineal line.

37
Q

the Rectus sheath

A

This muscle is protected and enclosed by the Rectus sheath, which is formed by the aponeuroses of lateral abdominal muscles.

38
Q

What the muscles of anterior abdominal wall?

A

Rectus Abdominis

Pyramidalis

39
Q

Rectus Abdominis

A

العمود الأمامي
Means this is a long strap muscle that extends vertically along the whole length of anterior abdominal wall

Linea alba
Origin: Pubic crest and tubercle, and symphysis pubis.
• Insertion: Costal cartilages of ribs 5 - 7 and Xiphoid process.(co57+xyphoid)

40
Q

tendinous intersection

A

a. One at the level of xiphoid process.
b. One at the level of umbilicus.
c. One is between the two previous lines.

41
Q

Function of the Rectus Abdominis

A

Copmress,flex the vertebral coloum and tenses

42
Q

This muscle is protected and enclosed by the Rectus sheath, which is formed by the aponeuroses of lateral abdominal muscles.

A

Recus abdominis

43
Q

Rectus sheath has anterior and posterior layers

A

Rectus sheath has anterior and posterior layers:
• Anterior Layer of Rectus sheath: formed by aponeurosis of external oblique and anterior leaf of internal oblique aponeurosis. • Posterior Layer of Rectus Sheath: formed by posterior leaf of internal oblique aponeurosis and transverses abd. aponeurosis.

44
Q

Function of the rectus sheathe

A

protectes and encloses the Rectus Abdominis

45
Q

4 - 5 cm below the umbilicus, all 3 aponeuroses goes anterior to the rectus abdominis muscle to cover it anteriorly only.

A

Means
يتم فصل الrecus abdominis على سوا الumbilicus بواسطة arcuate line يلي على سوا الsuperior anterir iliac crest إلى
فوق الumbilicus تكون هي الmuscle محمية من الأمام والخلف بواسطة الaponeiurosis of lateral abdominal muscles لكن من تحتها محمية فقط من الأمام ومكشوفة من الخلف

This change is indicated by the lower border of these muscles on the interior of posterior abdominal wall by Arcuate line (ASIS).

46
Q

Contents of the rectus sheath include

A

Rule of 2 - 4 - 6):
1. 2 Muscles: Rectus abdominis and pyramidalis.
2. 4 Blood vessels: 2 superior epigastric vessels and 2 inferior epigastric vessels.
3. 6 Nerves: Anterior rami of lower six thoracic nerves.

47
Q

Colles ́ fascia

A

Scarpas fascia extend inferiorly to cover the scrotum. In this case, its called Colles ́ fascia.

48
Q

WHAT ARE THE SURGICAL LAYERS OF ABDOMINAL WALL?

A

Skin → Superficial Fascia ( Camper’s and Scarpa’s ) → Deep fascia covering each muscle of lateral abdominal wall → Transversalis Fascia → Visceral Fat ( Extra-peritoneal Fat ) → Peritoneum.
Skin fascia (superficialis (campers and scraps)and deep) fat (extraperitoneu,)and peritoneum

49
Q

Scarpas fascia extend…… to cover the…… In this case, its called……

A

inferiorly

scrotum

Colles ́ fascia

50
Q

pathway through which structures of abdominal wall passes to the external genitalia.

A

Skin → Superficial Fascia ( Camper’s and Scarpa’s ) → Deep fascia covering each muscle of lateral abdominal wall → Transversalis Fascia → Visceral Fat ( Extra-peritoneal Fat ) → Peritoneum.

Skin Fascia (Superficial ( Camper’s and Scarpa’s ) + Deep)+++ Transversalis + Visceral Fat + Peritoneum

Inguinal canal

51
Q

How fibers of the lateral abdominal muscles run?

A

External Oblique Muscle

Upper and Middle fibers are directed Anteroinferiorly

Lower fibers passes nearly vertical

Fibers of Internal Oblique Muscle Muscle run Superomedially

Fibers of Transversus Abdominis Muscle run horizontally anteriorly

52
Q

How Inguinal canal is a short passes extend?

A

inferiorly and medially through the inferior part of the abdominal wall

lies superior and parallel to the inguinal ligament.

53
Q

WHAT ARE THE WALLS OF THE INGUINAL CANAL?

A

You can think of the inguinal canal as a box that have walls:
1. Anterior wall: External oblique aponeurosis, reinforced laterally by internal oblique muscle.
- This wall contains the exit of the inguinal canal medially, called the Superficial inguinal ring.
2. Posterior wall: formed by conjoint tendon medially and fascia transversalis laterally.
- This wall contains the entrance of the inguinal canal laterally, called the Deep inguinal ring.
3. Roof or Superior wall: arching lower fibers of internal oblique and transverses abdominis muscles.
4. Floor or Inferior wall: Inguinal ligament and its medial thickening called lacunar ligament.

54
Q

WHAT IS THE INGUINAL LIGAMENT?

A

Inguinal ligament is formed by folding of the free lower border of External oblique muscle. It extends from ASIS to Pubic tubercle.
- It is closely related to important neurovascular structures, and

55
Q

What boundaries does Inguinal ligament

A

forms boundaries of femoral triangle, inguinal canal, and pelvis.

56
Q

Superficial inguinal ring

A

Anterior wall: External oblique aponeurosis, reinforced laterally by internal oblique muscle.
- This wall contains the exit of the inguinal canal medially

57
Q

Where may hernia can occur

A

In inguinal canal

58
Q

Deep inguinal ring.

A

Posterior wall: formed by conjoint tendon medially and fascia transversalis laterally.
- This wall contains the entrance of the inguinal canal laterally

59
Q

Anterior wall

Posterior wall

A

aponeurosis, reinforced laterally by muscle.

conjoint tendon medially and fascia laterally

60
Q

CAN YOU TELL US ABOUT RINGS IN MORE DETAIL?

A

Back to page 3

61
Q

WHAT ARE THE CONTENTS OF THE INGUINAL CANAL?

A

Note: this nerve does not pass through the deep inguinal ring. Also, it is the nerve most at risk during inguinal hernia repair.

Medicine (11 decks)

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