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Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

What drug classes inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A

Cephalosporins
Penicillins
Bacitracin

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2
Q

Which drug class inhibits the transfer of peptidoglycan?

A

Bacitracin

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3
Q

How do penicillins and cephalosporins inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A

Inhibit cross linking of peptidoglycan

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4
Q

Which drug classes inhibit the 30s protein subunit?

A

Aminoglycosides (tobra gent 30)

Tetracyclines

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5
Q

Which drug classes inhibit the 50s protein subunit?

A

“CCM”
Chloramphenicol
Clindamycin
Macrolides

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6
Q

What are the 2 aminoglycosides?

A

Tobramycin

Gentamycin

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7
Q

What drugs inhibit the synthesis of folic acid?

A

Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim
Pyrimethamine

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8
Q

What drugs interfere with DNA gyrase and Topoisomerase IV?

A

Fluoroquinolones

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9
Q

Which antimicrobial drug class has 2 mechanisms of action?

A

Fluoroquinolones

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10
Q

Most antibiotics have what side effects in common?

A

GI upset

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11
Q

Which drug inhibits the transfer of peptidoglycan into the cell wall?

A

Bacitracin (+)

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12
Q

What is bacitracin(+) most often used for?

A

Blepharitis

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13
Q

What 2 drugs make up polysporin?

A 
Bacitracin(+)
Polymyxin B (-)
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14
Q

What are the 2 penicillins for boards?

A

Amoxicillin

Dicloxacillin

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15
Q

What is the MOA of amoxicillin and dicloxacillin?

A

Inhibit transpeptidase (cross linking)

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16
Q

Amoxicillin and dicloxacillin have what gram coverage?

A

Amoxicillin (+)(-)

Dicloxacillin (+)

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17
Q

What combo make Augmentin?

A

Amoxicillin (+)

Clavulonic acid

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18
Q

Why is clavulonic acid added to augmentin?

A

Penicillinase inhibitor

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19
Q

Dicloxacillin is capable of handling which infection, MRSA or MSSA?

A

MSSA

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20
Q

What are the adverse effects of penicillins?

A

Hypersensitivity, including SJS

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21
Q

Are penicillins safe in pregnancy?

A

Yes

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22
Q

Why do cephalosporins and penicillins have cross sensitivity?

A

Both have a beta-lactam ring

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23
Q

What are the contraindications for penicillins?

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity

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24
Q

What are the 2 cephalosporins for boards?

A

Cephalexin (+)

Ceftriaxone (+)(-)

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25
What is the cephalosporin MOA?
Inhibit transpeptidase
26
Which generation of cephalosporins add gram (-) coverage to go along with the gram (+) coverage?
Gen 3 and 4
27
Cephalexin should not be used in isolation if what infection is suspected?
MRSA
28
Which cephalosporin will have gram (-) coverage: Cephalexin or Ceftriaxone?
Ceftriaxone (+)(-) | -3rd generation cephalosporin
29
What are the possible adverse reactions to cephalosporins?
Destroy intestinal microflora | Alter absorption of Vit K - excess blood thinning when combined with warfarin
30
What are the aminoclycosides?
Gentamicin | Tobramycin
31
What is the MOA of aminoglycocides?
Protein synthesis inhibitor - block 30s subunit
32
What gram coverage do aminoglycosides offer?
Gram (-) (+) | Better (-) coverage than (+)
33
What drugs classes block the 30s subunit?
Aminoglycosides | Tetracyclines
34
Before the arrival of fluoroquinolones, what drug class was first-line therapy for ocular bacterial infections?
Aminoglycosides
35
What drugs work on the 50s subunit?
"CCM" Chloramphenicol Clindamycin Macrolides
36
What are the 2 known adverse effects of aminoglycosides?
SPK | Delayed re-epithelialization
37
How do tetracyclines function as antibacterials?
Block the 30s subunit
38
Are tetracyclines bactericidal, or bacteriostatic?
Bacteriostatic
39
Why is doxycyline commonly Rxed for meibomianitis?
Decreases the release if free fatty acids
40
What are the 3 common reasons to Rx doxycycline?
Meibomianitis Acne rosacea Chlamydial ocular infections - trachoma, inclusion
41
Why are tetracyclines supposed to be taken without food?
Dairy, antacids, and iron impair GI tract absorption of tetracyclines
42
Which tetracycline is the exception to the "no food" rule?
Doxycycline
43
Why are tetracyclines contraindicated in renal failure?
Excreted via kidneys
44
Why is doxycycline safe in renal failure, when other tetracyclines aren't?
Excreted in fecal matter
45
What are the contraindications of tetracyclines?
Pregnancy Kids Renal failure
46
What are the possible side effects of tetracyclines?
``` Pseudotumor cerebri Bone growth retardation (kids) Tooth discoloration (kids) ```
47
Minocycline has 2 additional adverse effects. What are they?
Blue sclera | Conj pigmented cysts
48
What are the 50s blocker drug classes?
"CCM" Chlormaphenicol Clindamycin/Lincomycin Macrolides
49
What gram coverage does chloramphenicol offer?
Gram (+)(-)
50
What are the 2 major adverse effects of chloramphenicol?
Aplastic anemia - fatal | Optic neuritis
51
How do macrolides function as antibacterials?
50s subunit protein blockers
52
What are the macrolide drugs?
"ACE-mycins" Azithromycin Clarithromycin Erythromycin
53
Why might azithromycin cause GI upset?
It is to be taken on an empty stomach
54
Which of the macrolides is commonly used as prophylaxis for neonatal gonorrhea?
Erythromycin
55
Why isn't erythromycin used more frequently?
Resistance
56
Azithromycin (Azasite) contains what preservative, making it an issue in CL wearers?
BAK
57
How do clindamycin and lincomycin work as antibacterials?
50s subunit blockers
58
What 3 drugs are recommended for MRSA?
Clindamycin Trimethoprim-sulfamthoxazole Doxycycline
59
How do trimethoprim and pyrimethamine act as antibacterials?
Inhibit DHF reductase, stopping folate synthesis
60
DHF reductase catalyzes which step of folate synthesis?
2nd
61
Which drugs inhibit the first step of folate synthesis?
Sulfonamides
62
Are sulfonamides bacteriostatic or bactericidal?
Bacteriostatic
63
What gram coverage to sulfonamides offer?
Gram (+)(-)
64
What are the ophthalmic adverse effects attributed to sulfonamides?
SJS Photosensitization Contact dermatitis Burning/stinging
65
What are the systemic adverse effects attributed to sulfonamides?
Myopic shift SJS Infant kernicterus
66
What drugs commonly induce SJS?
Sulfonamides Amoxicillin Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
67
What gram coverage do trimethoprim and pyrimethamine offer?
Gram (+)(-)
68
Trimethoprim is not effective against which bug?
Pseudomonas
69
What are the common adverse reactions to trimethoprim and pyramethamine?
Bone marrow suppression | -aplastic anemia
70
What are the MOAs of fluoroquinolones?
Inhibit DNA gyrase | Inhibit Topoisomerase IV
71
What are the 2nd generation fluoroquinolones?
Ciprofloxacin | Ofloxacin
72
What is the 3rd generation fluoroquinolone?
Levofloxacin
73
What are the 4th generation fluoroquinolones?
Gatifloxacin Moxifloxacin Besifloxacin
74
As newer generations of fluoroquinolones arise, what gram coverage is increasing?
Gram (+)
75
Fluoroquinolones are known to be potent inhibitors of what gram bacteria?
(-)
76
What fluoroquinolones may be used orally?
Ciprofloxacin | Moxifloxacin
77
What are the adverse effects of oral fluoroquinolones?
Damage to cartilage formation Inhibition of bone growth Tendinitis
78
What are the contraindications of oral fluoroquinolones?
Pregnancy | Kids - under 18
79
Topical fluoroquinolones are approved for what age range?
>1 year old
80
What are the bacteriostatic agents?
Tetracyclines Trimethoprim Sulfacetamide Erythromycin
81
What are the bactericidal agents?
``` Penicillins Cephalosporins Bacitracin Aminoglycosides Fluoroquinolones ```

Pharm (13 decks)

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