Antimicrobial Therapy Flashcards
What are pros to appropriate use of antibiotics?
Improves patient outcome, helps prevent antimicrobial resistance, prevents suppression of resident microflora and intestinal dysbiosis
When is prophylactic antibiotic administration beneficial?
- Contaminated wounds
- Surgical procedures with expected contamination
- Surgery in immunosuppressed patients
- Severely neutropenic patients
- Prolonged surgical procedures
What should be considered when selecting antibiotics?
- What type of bacteria is most likely present?
- Which types of antibiotics will reach therapeutic concentrations in the tissue of interest?
- What are the side effects associated with these antibiotics?
- Can the antibiotic be given as prescribed?
What are the considerations when prescribing antibiotics?
- Route of administration
- Frequency
- Dosage and volume
- Formulation
- Duration
- Cost
Name some examples of beta-lactams
Penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, and carbapenems
What is the primary mechanism for resistance with beta-lactams?
Bacterial production of beta-lactamase
Penicillins are effective against which bacteria?
Gram positive aerobic bacteria and anaerobic bacteria
What are the two beta-lactamase inhibitors?
Clavulanate and sulbactam
Cephalosporins are most effective against what kind of bacteria (for 1st and 3rd gen)?
1st: Gram positive aerobic bacteria
3rd: Gram negative aerobic bacteria
What are side effects of beta-lactams?
- V/D and anorexia
- Hypersensitivity (hives, swelling, fever, etc)
Name some examples of aminoglycosides
Neomycin, streptomycin, gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin
Aminoglycosides are effective against what type of bacteria?
Gram negative aerobic bacilli (e. Coli, klebsiella, pseudomonas, enterobacter)
When should Aminoglycosides NOT be used?
For abscesses or granulomatous infections
What are two side effects of aminoglycosides?
Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity
What are some examples of fluoroquinolones?
Enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, orbifloxacin, ciprofloxain
Fluoroquinolones are effective against what kind of bacteria?
Gram negative aerobes and facultative anaerobic bacteria
What are some side effects of fluoroquinolones?
- V/D and anorexia
- retinal blindness in cats
- rapid IV infusion may lead to hypotension
- seizures with high doses o
Name a sulfonamide
Trimethoprim-sulfa
What are sulfonamides effective against?
Gram positive and gram negative aerobic bacteria
What are some side effects of sulfonamides?
Hypothyroidism, KCS, blood dyscrasias, Polyarthritis, glomerulonephritis
Name some examples of macrolides and lincosamides
Macrolides: erthryomycin and azithromycin
Lincosamides: Clindamycin
What are macrolides most effective against?
Gram positive bacteria
What are lincosamides most effective against?
Gram positive aerobic bacteria and anaerobic bacteria
What is metronidazole most effective against?
Anaerobic bacteria
What are side effects of metronidazole?
Anxiety and behavioral changes, and vestibular signs
Chloramphenicol has a broad spectrum of activity against which bacteria?
Gram positives, gram negatives, and anaerobic bacteria
What is a side effect of chloramphenicol that affects humans?
Irreversible bone marrow suppression (aplastic anemia) in humans
What are some examples of tetracyclines?
Doxycline, minocycline, and tetracycline
What are tetracyclines most effective against?
Gram positive and gram negative bacteria
What do tetracyclines primarily treat?
Tick-borne infections, feline chlamydiosis, mycoplasma, salmon poisoning disease, leptospirosis
Urinary tract pathogens are often caused by what?
Microflora of the intestinal tract, lower urogenital tract, or skin
Name drugs that will concentrate well in the urine
Penicillins, TMS, Fluoroquinolones, Tetracyclines, Cephalosporins, and nitrofurantoin
Name some antibiotics that accumulate in airway secretions for respiratory infections
Doxycycline, flurorquinolones, Clindamycin, TMS, and erythromycin
What bacteria is the most common isolate from integument infections?
Staphylococcus
