Antibacterial/fungal/viral

Question 1

How does the bacteria resist macrolides by alter target binding site?

Answer 1

Bacteria produce methyltransferases that alter 50s subunit

Question 2

How does bacteria develop resistance to sulfonamides?

Answer 2

Increase production of PABA to out compete with sulfonamides

Question 3

Which enzyme does beta lactam inhibit?

Answer 3

Transpeptidase

Question 4

Do nafcillin/oxacillin resist beta lactamase?

Answer 4

Yes

Question 5

Penicillin can be given with ___ to cover pseudomonas and enterococcus?

Answer 5

Aminoglycosides like gentamycin

Question 6

How does beta lactamase inhibitor does its job?

Answer 6

Suicide inhibitor (irreversible inhibition)

Question 7

What drug would inhibit penicillin/fluoroquinolone excretion, thus increase level of penicillin in the body?

Answer 7

Probenecid

Question 8

Which 2 penicillins are excreted largely in the bile?

Answer 8

Nafcillin and oxacillin

Question 9

What kind of pen G is used for syphilis?

Answer 9

Benzathine pen G (repository form)

Question 10

How are most penicillin excreted?

Answer 10

Through kidney

Question 11

What type of hypersensitivities can penicillin cause?

Answer 11

all 4 types

Question 12

Which 2nd gen cephalosporin can enter CNS?

Answer 12

Cefuroxime

Question 13

What generations of cephalosporins are resistant to beta lactamase?

Answer 13

3rd and 4th gen

Question 14

What bacteria can’t cephalosporin kill?

Answer 14

Listeria/syphilis/enterococci

Question 15

What is the role of cilastatin for imipenem?

Answer 15

Prevent imipenem to be metabolized into nephrotoxic metabolites

Question 16

If you are sensitive to penicilin or cephalosporin, what else can you get?

Answer 16

Aztreonam

Question 17

Tx for mild and serious enterococcus?

Answer 17

Mild—>ampicilin

Serious—>vanco

Question 18

What causes the red man syndrome?

Answer 18

Infuse vanco too fast

Question 19

What do macrolides/tetracycline/chloramphenicol block?

Answer 19

Macrolides—>50s subunit—>block translocation
Tetracycline—>30s subunit—>block docking of tRNA
Chloramphenicol—>block peptidyl transferase

Question 20

What can aminoglycosides do to your swole muscle?

Answer 20

Make it weak

Question 21

Antibiotics that has side effect of phototoxicity? and how will it present clinically?

Answer 21

Tetracycline/sulfonamides/fluoroquinolone

Rash

Question 22

What else can you use to treat chlamydia?

Answer 22

Azithromycin

Question 23

What is the alternative for treating lyme disease for young kids?

Answer 23

Amoxicillin

Question 24

What is tetracycline’s effect on kids?

Answer 24

Teeth discoloration and decrease bone growth

Question 25

How does macrolides treat gastroparesis?

Answer 25

Stimulate motilin receptors

Question 26

How do you develop resistance to macrolide?

Answer 26

Methylation of binding site

Question 27

Drug most used for CAP?

Answer 27

Macrolides

Question 28

What is streptogramins? MOA? what are they used for?

Answer 28

Quinupristin + dalfopristin Bind to 50s Used like linezolid-->for VRSA/VRE

Question 29

The mechanism of sulfonamide is similar to which drug?

Answer 29

Dapsone

Question 30

What cancer drug has the same MOA as trimethoprim?

Answer 30

MTX

Question 31

Where is sulfasalazine metabolized into 5-ASA? and why it is not as effective treating Crohn disease? and what drug do we usually used for Crohn disease?

Answer 31

Colon It would only treat Crohn disease confined in the colon Mesalamine

Question 32

What else can treat listeria besides ampixillin?

Answer 32

Bactrim

Question 33

How does sulfonamide cause kernicterus in neonate?

Answer 33

Compete with UCB to bind to albumin--->displace UCB--->UCB goes into the brain--->kernicterus

Question 34

DNA gyrase is also called?

Answer 34

Topoisomerase II

Question 35

If you can't used macrolide for CAP, what else can you used instead?

Answer 35

Levofloxacin

Question 36

How does metronidazole kill the bacteria?

Answer 36

Convert to free radicals

Question 37

How does terbinafine work against fungus?

Answer 37

Inhibit squalene epoxidase--->accumulate squalene--->toxic to the fungus

Question 38

Which conazole cross BBB?

Answer 38

Fluconazole

Question 39

MOA of flucytosine?

Answer 39

Activated by cytosine deaminase--->convert to 5-FU--->inhibit thymidylate synthase--->decrease thymine

Question 40

How does phosphorylation of acyclovir come about?

Answer 40

Nucleoside--->First phosphate comes from the virus (thymidine kinase) the other 2 comes from host cells--->nucleotide

Question 41

Why pt who's taking acyclovir need to be hydrated?

Answer 41

It might cause crystalluria

Question 42

How does nucleoside become active as an anti metabolite?

Answer 42

Need to be phosphorylated first

Question 43

Which 2 NRTIs can't you use at the same time?

Answer 43

Lamivudine and emtricitabine | They are both cytosine analogs

Question 44

Which 2 NRTIs do we usually use nowadays?

Answer 44

Emtricitabine or lamivudine

Question 45

What drug is used for prophylaxis for RSV for kids?

Answer 45

Palivizumab

Question 46

What drugs are needed to treat P. vivax/ovale?

Answer 46

Chloroquine and primaquine

Question 47

What drugs are used for prophylaxis of malaria?

Answer 47

Chloroquine for chloroquine sensitive area | Mefloquine is used otherwise

Question 48

What cause hemolytic anemia with G6PD deficiency?

Answer 48

Primaquine/quinine/sulfonamide