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org med > Anti-Infective Agents pt. 1 > Flashcards

Anti-Infective Agents pt. 1 Flashcards

Alcohol and Related Compounds Phenols and their Derivatives Oxidizing Agents Halogen-Containing Compounds

1
Q

First effective treatment for syphilis.

A

Salvarsan/Arsphenamine/Compound 606

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2
Q

Classifications of Anti-Infective Agents

A

Chemical types of compound
Biological Properties
Therapeutic Indication

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3
Q

Used for sleeping sickness.

A

Atoxyl (Sodium arsanilate)

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4
Q

True or False

Antibacterial potency of primary alcohol increases when molecular weight reached the 8-carbon atom octanol.

A

True

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5
Q

How many oxygen atom is capable of solubilizing seven to eight carbon atoms in water?

A

One

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6
Q

T or F

As the primary alcohol chain length increases, van der waals interactions decreases, and its ability to penetrate microbial increases.

A

False

As the primary alcohol chain length increases = van der waals interactions increases = ability to penetrate microbial increases.

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7
Q

5 synonyms of Ethanol

A 
Ethyl alcohol
Rectified Spirit
Wine Spirit
Grain Alcohol
Spiritus vini rectificatus
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8
Q

As water solubility ________, the antimicrobial potency of alcohol diminishes with molecular weight.

A

Decreases

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9
Q

T or F

Isomeric alcohols’ potencies decrease in the order of secondary > tertiary > primary

A

False

Primary > Secondary > Tertiary

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10
Q

The following statements are true, EXCEPT:

I. Straight alcohol chain decreases antibacterial potency.
II. Weaker Van der waals forces brought by the branching can penetrate bacterial cell membranes.
III. Weaker Van der waals forces do not penetrate bacterial cell membranes.
IV. Branching of alcohol chain decreases antibacterial potency.

A

I, II

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11
Q

Ethanol is used externally as:

A

Antiseptic, preservative, mild counterirritant, solvent

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12
Q

Ethanol is internally used as:

A

Mild sedative, weak vasodilator, carminative

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13
Q

What is the drug used to block aldehyde dehydrogenase in the oxidation of alcohol?

A

Disulfiram

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14
Q

Which of the following is true about dehydrated alcohol?

I. Also known as absolute alcohol.
II. Prepared by azeotropic distillation of ethanol and benzene mixture.
III. Can be ingested
IV. Used for local relief of pain in carcinomas and neuralgias.
V. Contains <90% w/w of ethanol

A

I, II, IV, V

Dehydrated alcohol cannot be ingested.

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15
Q

Prepared with wood alcohol and benzene which is unsuitable for internal and external use.

A

Completely denatured alcohol

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16
Q

Unfit for use in intoxicating beverages.

A

Denatured alcohol

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17
Q

Commercial ethanol forms an azeotrope with water that stills at what temperature/degree?

A

78.2C

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18
Q

T or F

Commercial ethanol is approx. 98% ethanol by volume.

A

False. 95% ethanol

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19
Q

It is the iodine in alcohol which is used in tincture of iodine.

A

Specially denatured alcohol

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20
Q

A colorless, volatile liquid with slightly bitter taste that is suitable substitute for ethanol but must not be ingested.

A

Isopropyl Alcohol

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21
Q

The following is true about isopropyl alcohol, EXCEPT:

I. Also known as 2-propranol
II. Prepared by sulfuric acid - catalyzed hydration of propylene
III. Used as disinfectant
IV. 50-95% Bactericidal
V. Can be ingested
A

V. Can be ingested

Ans: Isopropyl alc cannot be ingested

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22
Q

The following is true about Ethylene dioxide, EXCEPT:

I. Nonflammable gas, colorless, liquefies at 15C
II. Used for temperature sensitive medical equipment and heat sensitive pharmaceuticals
III. Diffuses readily through porous materials.
IV. Forms explosive mixtures in air at 5-90% by volume.

A

I. Nonflammable gas, colorless, liquefies at 15C
IV. Forms explosive mixtures in air at 5-90% by volume.

Ans:
Flammable gas, colorless, liquefies at 12C
Forms explosive mixtures in air at 3-80% by volume.

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23
Q

Ethylene Oxide involves 1. __________ alkylation of functional groups in nucleic acids and proteins by nucleophilic opening of the 2. ______ ring.

A
  1. Nonselective

2. Oxide Ring

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24
Q

Ethylene oxide is extremely toxic and potentially carcinogenic. (T or F)

A

True

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25
Q

What is the mechanism of the germicidal action of Formaldehyde solution?

A

Direct, nonspecific alkylation of nucleophilic functional groups in proteins and nucleic acid to form carbinol derivatives.

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26
Q

What are the nucleophilic functional groups that undergo alkylation in proteins and nucleic acid.

A

Amino, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl

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27
Q

What is the product of formaldehyde solution when oxidized?

A

Formic acid and Paraformaldehyde

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28
Q

T or F

Formaldehyde soln is a carcinogen and when orally ingested can result to severe GI distress.

A

True

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29
Q

How much percentage is needed for formaldehyde to be used with methanol to retard polymerization?

A

37% w/v

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30
Q

The following statement is true about formaldehyde, EXCEPT:

I. Immiscible with water and alcohol.
II. Has pungent aroma
III. Irritating to mucous membrane and causes contact dermatitis
IV. Stored below 15C to prevent cloudiness

a. I, II, II
b. I, IV
c. IV, III,I
d. II, III

A

B. I, IV

Ans: Formaldehyde is miscible with water and alcohol and must be stored above 15C to prevent cloudiness.

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31
Q

Generic name of Cidex, a 5-carbon dialdehyde

A

Glutaraldehyde

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32
Q

An aldehyde compound that is diluted to be used for heat sensitive equipment.

A

Glutaraldehyde

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33
Q

T or F

Glutaraldehyde is nonbuffered and basic due to the basic proton on the cyclic hemiacetal form which is unstable since it lacks sporicidal action.

A

FALSE

Glutaraldehyde is nonbuffered and ACIDIC due to the ACIDIC proton on the cyclic hemiacetal form which is STABLE but it lacks sporicidal action.

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34
Q

Which of the following is NOT true about Commercial Glutaraldehyde?

I. Stable in acidic solution
II. 2% Glutaraldehyde buffered at 8.0 to 9.0
III. Retain less than 80% original activity after 30 days.
IV. Its non-stabilized alkaline solution lose 54% after 15 days.
V. Less than 8.5 pH can rapidly polymerizes.

a. I, II, III, IV
b. I, III, IV, V
c. I, II, III, V
d. I, II, III, IV, V

A

D. I, II, III, IV, V

Ans:
I. Stable in ALKALINE solution
II. 2% Glutaraldehyde buffered at 7.5 - 8.0
III. Retain MORE than 80% original activity after 30 days.
IV. Its non-stabilized alkaline solution lose 44% after 15 days.
V. GREATER THAN 8.5 pH can rapidly polymerizes.

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35
Q

It is the ratio of a dilution of a given test disinfectant to the dilution of phenol that is required to kill a strain to Salmonella typhi under controlled time and temp conditions.

A

Phenol coefficient

36
Q

Which of the following is TRUE about Phenols?

I. Substitution with alkyl, aryl, and halogen groups especially in para position, decreases bactericidal act of phenols.
II. Branched alkyl groups enhance bactericidal activity more that straight chain.
III. Several phenols has low bactericidal act than phenol itself.
IV. Alkylated phenols and resorcinol are more toxic than the parent compounds while retaining bactericidal activity.
V. Phenols do not destroy the bacterial proteins at low concentrations.

a. I, II, III, IV
b. I, III, IV, V
c. II, III, IV, V
d. I, IV, V
e. NOTA

A

e. None of the above

Correct answer:
I. Substitution with alkyl, aryl, and halogen groups especially in para position, INCREASES bactericidal act of phenols.
II. STRAIGHT-CHAIN ALYKYL GROUPS enhance bactericidal activity more that branched group.
III. Several phenols has MORE bactericidal act than phenol itself.
IV. Alkylated phenols and resorcinol are LESS TOXIC than the parent compounds while retaining bactericidal activity.
V. Phenols DENATURE/DESTROY the bacterial proteins at low concentrations.

37
Q

Phenol, USP is used as?

A 
Germicide - General protoplasmic poison
Surgical antiseptic (1867)
38
Q

T or F

Phenol, USP is caustic to skin and exerts local anesthetic effects, thus it must be diluted to avoid tissue destruction.

39
Q

What is the use of Phenolated Calamine Lotion (0.1-1%)?

A

Antipruritic

40
Q

4% phenol in glycerin is used to?

A

Cauterize small wounds

41
Q

Also known as Carbolic Acid

A

Phenol, USP

42
Q

Which of the following is NOT TRUE about Phenol, USP?

I. It is a standard to which the activity of most germicidal substance is compared.
II. Colorless to pale-pink crystalline with medicinal odor
III. Very soluble in Alcohol, soluble in methanol and salol/phenyl salicylate
IV. NOTA

43
Q

Phenol containing 10% water and is not miscible with lipophilic ointment bases.

A

Liquefied Phenol

44
Q

T OR F

p-chlorophenol + camphor produces liquid petrolatum.

45
Q

Liquid petrolatum (p-chlorophenol + camphor) is used as?

A

External antiseptic and anti-irritant

46
Q

Generic Name of PC-MX and Metasep

A

p-chloro-m-xylenol

47
Q

Which of the following is true about p-chloro-m-xylenol?

I. Nonirritating antiseptic with broad spectrum antibacterial and antifungal activities.
II. 2% in shampoo
III. Used topically for ringworm infections cause by T. pedis, and T. cruris
IV. AOTA

48
Q

Give the properties of Hexachlorophene.

A

White to light tan crystalline powder
Water insoluble
Soluble in alcohol and other organic solvents
Easily absorbed onto skin and enters sebaceous glands.

49
Q

T OR F

Hexachlorophene is effective against gram + and gram -

A

FALSE.

Hexachlorophene is only effective in gram +. It is RESISTANT to GRAM (-)

50
Q

T or F

Hexachlorophene is available in OTC.

51
Q

Why was hexachlorophene banned as OTC?

A

Due to reports of neurotoxicity in bathed infants and burn patients cleansed with the agent.

52
Q

Other name for Thymol?

A

Isopropyl m-cresol

53
Q

Thymol is extracted from oil of?

A

Thymus vulgaris

54
Q

T or F

Thymol is insoluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohols and organic solvents.

A

FALSE

Thymol is slightly soluble in water and extremely soluble in alcohols and organic solvents.

55
Q

What properties does thymol have?

A

Mild fungicidal properties.

Also used in alcohol solution and dusting powders for ringworm infections.

56
Q

What is the structural formula of thymol

57
Q

Give the properties and uses of Eugenol.

Physical property, solubility in solvents, and uses

A

Pale yellow liquid, strong clove aroma, and pungent taste.
Slightly soluble in water, miscible in alcohol, and organic solvents.
Uses: Local anestheticss, antiseptics activities in mouthwash

58
Q

Phenol coefficient of eugenol?

59
Q

Mixture of 3 isomeric methyphenols

60
Q

The following is true about Cresol, EXCEPT:

I. Inexpensive antiseptic and disinfectant
II. Has a phenol coefficient of 2.5
III. Sparingly soluble in water, soluble in alc and organic solvents
IV. Has yellow to brownish yellow liquid and unpleasant creosote odor.
V. NOTA

A

V. NOTA

All of the following are true about Cresol.

61
Q

Cresol is obtained from ______ or ______ by alkaline extraction into aqueous medium, ________, and ___________.

A

Coal tar or Petroleum
Acidification
Fractional distillation

62
Q

Also called as m-dihydroxybenzene

A

Resorcinol

63
Q

Number 1-5: T or F

  1. Resorcinol is light sensitive and oxidizes readily
  2. It is a weak antiseptic with phenol coefficient of 4
  3. 10-20% used in solutions.
  4. 1-3% in treatment for ringworm, eczema, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis
  5. Keratolytic
A
  1. True
  2. True
  3. False. 1-3% used in solutions.
  4. False. 10-20% in treatment for ringworm, eczema, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis
  5. True
64
Q

A phenol derivative that produces numbness to the tongue.

A

Hexylresorcinol

65
Q

Hexylresorcinol is used as? (3)

A

FAB:
Fungicidal
Antiseptic
Bactericidal

66
Q

T or F

  1. Hexyresorcinol has phenol coefficient of 89
  2. Freely soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol
A
  1. False. Phenol coefficient of 98.

2. False. Freely soluble in Alc, slightly soluble in water

67
Q
  1. Phenol Derivative found in throat lozenges.
  2. Disinfectant superior to formaldehyde.
  3. Used for temperature-sensitive medical equipment.
A
  1. Hexylresorcinol
  2. Glutaraldehyde
  3. Ethylene dioxide
68
Q

Found effective against anaerobic bacteria and used to cleanse contaminated wounds.

A

Oxidizing Agents

69
Q

Oxidizing Agents react in tissues to generate _____ and ________

A

Oxygen and oxygen radical

70
Q

Give two oxidizing agents (Based on H.O.) and give their uses.

A
  1. Carbamide Peroxide Topical solution
    - Antiseptic, disinfectant
    - tx of oral ulcerations
    - Dental care
  2. Hydrous Benzoyl Peroxide
    - 5% and 10% keratolytic, keratogenic and acne treatment
71
Q

Oldest germicide still in use today and used as a tincture and liniment in 1830s

A

Elemental Iodine

72
Q

1% Iodine in 50% alcohol with Sodium Iodide.

A

Iodine Tincture

73
Q

Also known as Lugol’s solution and composed of 5% Iodine in water with KI.

A

Strong iodine solution

74
Q

2% Iodine in water with NaI.

A

Iodine Solution

75
Q

Also known as Polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone - Iodine and Isodine

A

Povidone-Iodine

76
Q

a. Povidone-Iodine is nontoxic, nonvolatile, nonstaining, and nonirritating.
b. It is water soluble and releases iodine very slowly.
c. 10% bioavailable iodine
d. Used as presurgical disinfectant & treatment of local bacterial and fungal infections.

A. One of the statements is correct.
B. Two of the statements are correct.
C. Three of the statements are correct.
D. All of the statements is correct.
E. None of the statements is correct.
A

D. All of the statements are correct

77
Q

All of the statements about hypochlorous acid are true, EXCEPT:

I. It is formed when chlorine is dissolved in water.
II. NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2 are examples of inorganic hypochlorite salts.
III. Antiseptic effect optimal at pH 9.
IV. The chlorination of amide nitrogen atoms and hydrogenation of sulfhydryl groups in proteins make it an active germicidal specie.

a. II, IV
b. III, IV
c. I, II
d. I, III, IV
e. I, II, III, IV

A

B. III, IV

Correct Ans:
Antiseptic effect optimal at pH 7.
The chlorination of amide nitrogen atoms and OXIDATION of sulfhydryl groups in proteins make it an active germicidal specie.

78
Q

p-dichlorofulsamoylbenzoic acid

79
Q

Halazone is slightly soluble in water at pH 7 and soluble in alkaline. T or F

80
Q

N, N-dichlorodicarbonamidine

A

Chloroazodin

81
Q

Chlorpactin

A

Oxychlorosene sodium

82
Q

Chlorpactin

A

Oxychlorosene sodium

83
Q

Oxychlorosene sodium uses.

A 
Treatment of localized infections.
removes necrotic tissues from massive infections or radiation necrosis
Counteract odorous discharge
Irritant
Disinfect cysts and fistulas
84
Q

T or F

0.1% and 0.5% of Oxychlorosene sodium used in water and 0.1%, 0.2% used in urology and ophthalmology.

85
Q

Congrats for making it this far. <333333

A

Familiarize the structures.

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