Anti-Infective Agents pt. 1

Question 1

First effective treatment for syphilis.

Answer 1

Salvarsan/Arsphenamine/Compound 606

Question 2

Classifications of Anti-Infective Agents

Answer 2

Chemical types of compound
Biological Properties
Therapeutic Indication

Question 3

Used for sleeping sickness.

Answer 3

Atoxyl (Sodium arsanilate)

Question 4

True or False

Antibacterial potency of primary alcohol increases when molecular weight reached the 8-carbon atom octanol.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

How many oxygen atom is capable of solubilizing seven to eight carbon atoms in water?

Answer 5

One

Question 6

T or F

As the primary alcohol chain length increases, van der waals interactions decreases, and its ability to penetrate microbial increases.

Answer 6

False

As the primary alcohol chain length increases = van der waals interactions increases = ability to penetrate microbial increases.

Question 7

5 synonyms of Ethanol

Answer 7

Ethyl alcohol
Rectified Spirit
Wine Spirit
Grain Alcohol
Spiritus vini rectificatus

Question 8

As water solubility ________, the antimicrobial potency of alcohol diminishes with molecular weight.

Answer 8

Decreases

Question 9

T or F

Isomeric alcohols’ potencies decrease in the order of secondary > tertiary > primary

Answer 9

False

Primary > Secondary > Tertiary

Question 10

The following statements are true, EXCEPT:

I. Straight alcohol chain decreases antibacterial potency.
II. Weaker Van der waals forces brought by the branching can penetrate bacterial cell membranes.
III. Weaker Van der waals forces do not penetrate bacterial cell membranes.
IV. Branching of alcohol chain decreases antibacterial potency.

Answer 10

I, II

Question 11

Ethanol is used externally as:

Answer 11

Antiseptic, preservative, mild counterirritant, solvent

Question 12

Ethanol is internally used as:

Answer 12

Mild sedative, weak vasodilator, carminative

Question 13

What is the drug used to block aldehyde dehydrogenase in the oxidation of alcohol?

Answer 13

Disulfiram

Question 14

Which of the following is true about dehydrated alcohol?

I. Also known as absolute alcohol.
II. Prepared by azeotropic distillation of ethanol and benzene mixture.
III. Can be ingested
IV. Used for local relief of pain in carcinomas and neuralgias.
V. Contains <90% w/w of ethanol

Answer 14

I, II, IV, V

Dehydrated alcohol cannot be ingested.

Question 15

Prepared with wood alcohol and benzene which is unsuitable for internal and external use.

Answer 15

Completely denatured alcohol

Question 16

Unfit for use in intoxicating beverages.

Answer 16

Denatured alcohol

Question 17

Commercial ethanol forms an azeotrope with water that stills at what temperature/degree?

Answer 17

78.2C

Question 18

T or F

Commercial ethanol is approx. 98% ethanol by volume.

Answer 18

False. 95% ethanol

Question 19

It is the iodine in alcohol which is used in tincture of iodine.

Answer 19

Specially denatured alcohol

Question 20

A colorless, volatile liquid with slightly bitter taste that is suitable substitute for ethanol but must not be ingested.

Answer 20

Isopropyl Alcohol

Question 21

The following is true about isopropyl alcohol, EXCEPT:

I. Also known as 2-propranol
II. Prepared by sulfuric acid - catalyzed hydration of propylene
III. Used as disinfectant
IV. 50-95% Bactericidal
V. Can be ingested

Answer 21

V. Can be ingested

Ans: Isopropyl alc cannot be ingested

Question 22

The following is true about Ethylene dioxide, EXCEPT:

I. Nonflammable gas, colorless, liquefies at 15C
II. Used for temperature sensitive medical equipment and heat sensitive pharmaceuticals
III. Diffuses readily through porous materials.
IV. Forms explosive mixtures in air at 5-90% by volume.

Answer 22

I. Nonflammable gas, colorless, liquefies at 15C
IV. Forms explosive mixtures in air at 5-90% by volume.

Ans:
Flammable gas, colorless, liquefies at 12C
Forms explosive mixtures in air at 3-80% by volume.

Question 23

Ethylene Oxide involves 1. __________ alkylation of functional groups in nucleic acids and proteins by nucleophilic opening of the 2. ______ ring.

Answer 23

1. Nonselective

2. Oxide Ring

Question 24

Ethylene oxide is extremely toxic and potentially carcinogenic. (T or F)

Answer 24

True

Question 25

What is the mechanism of the germicidal action of Formaldehyde solution?

Answer 25

Direct, nonspecific alkylation of nucleophilic functional groups in proteins and nucleic acid to form carbinol derivatives.

Question 26

What are the nucleophilic functional groups that undergo alkylation in proteins and nucleic acid.

Answer 26

Amino, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl

Question 27

What is the product of formaldehyde solution when oxidized?

Answer 27

Formic acid and Paraformaldehyde

Question 28

T or F Formaldehyde soln is a carcinogen and when orally ingested can result to severe GI distress.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

How much percentage is needed for formaldehyde to be used with methanol to retard polymerization?

Answer 29

37% w/v

Question 30

The following statement is true about formaldehyde, EXCEPT: I. Immiscible with water and alcohol. II. Has pungent aroma III. Irritating to mucous membrane and causes contact dermatitis IV. Stored below 15C to prevent cloudiness a. I, II, II b. I, IV c. IV, III,I d. II, III

Answer 30

B. I, IV Ans: Formaldehyde is miscible with water and alcohol and must be stored above 15C to prevent cloudiness.

Question 31

Generic name of Cidex, a 5-carbon dialdehyde

Answer 31

Glutaraldehyde

Question 32

An aldehyde compound that is diluted to be used for heat sensitive equipment.

Answer 32

Glutaraldehyde

Question 33

T or F Glutaraldehyde is nonbuffered and basic due to the basic proton on the cyclic hemiacetal form which is unstable since it lacks sporicidal action.

Answer 33

FALSE Glutaraldehyde is nonbuffered and ACIDIC due to the ACIDIC proton on the cyclic hemiacetal form which is STABLE but it lacks sporicidal action.

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT true about Commercial Glutaraldehyde? I. Stable in acidic solution II. 2% Glutaraldehyde buffered at 8.0 to 9.0 III. Retain less than 80% original activity after 30 days. IV. Its non-stabilized alkaline solution lose 54% after 15 days. V. Less than 8.5 pH can rapidly polymerizes. a. I, II, III, IV b. I, III, IV, V c. I, II, III, V d. I, II, III, IV, V

Answer 34

D. I, II, III, IV, V Ans: I. Stable in ALKALINE solution II. 2% Glutaraldehyde buffered at 7.5 - 8.0 III. Retain MORE than 80% original activity after 30 days. IV. Its non-stabilized alkaline solution lose 44% after 15 days. V. GREATER THAN 8.5 pH can rapidly polymerizes.

Question 35

It is the ratio of a dilution of a given test disinfectant to the dilution of phenol that is required to kill a strain to Salmonella typhi under controlled time and temp conditions.

Answer 35

Phenol coefficient

Question 36

Which of the following is TRUE about Phenols? I. Substitution with alkyl, aryl, and halogen groups especially in para position, decreases bactericidal act of phenols. II. Branched alkyl groups enhance bactericidal activity more that straight chain. III. Several phenols has low bactericidal act than phenol itself. IV. Alkylated phenols and resorcinol are more toxic than the parent compounds while retaining bactericidal activity. V. Phenols do not destroy the bacterial proteins at low concentrations. a. I, II, III, IV b. I, III, IV, V c. II, III, IV, V d. I, IV, V e. NOTA

Answer 36

e. None of the above Correct answer: I. Substitution with alkyl, aryl, and halogen groups especially in para position, INCREASES bactericidal act of phenols. II. STRAIGHT-CHAIN ALYKYL GROUPS enhance bactericidal activity more that branched group. III. Several phenols has MORE bactericidal act than phenol itself. IV. Alkylated phenols and resorcinol are LESS TOXIC than the parent compounds while retaining bactericidal activity. V. Phenols DENATURE/DESTROY the bacterial proteins at low concentrations.

Question 37

Phenol, USP is used as?

Answer 37

``` Germicide - General protoplasmic poison Surgical antiseptic (1867) ```

Question 38

T or F Phenol, USP is caustic to skin and exerts local anesthetic effects, thus it must be diluted to avoid tissue destruction.

Answer 38

True

Question 39

What is the use of Phenolated Calamine Lotion (0.1-1%)?

Answer 39

Antipruritic

Question 40

4% phenol in glycerin is used to?

Answer 40

Cauterize small wounds

Question 41

Also known as Carbolic Acid

Answer 41

Phenol, USP

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT TRUE about Phenol, USP? I. It is a standard to which the activity of most germicidal substance is compared. II. Colorless to pale-pink crystalline with medicinal odor III. Very soluble in Alcohol, soluble in methanol and salol/phenyl salicylate IV. NOTA

Answer 42

IV. NOTA

Question 43

Phenol containing 10% water and is not miscible with lipophilic ointment bases.

Answer 43

Liquefied Phenol

Question 44

T OR F p-chlorophenol + camphor produces liquid petrolatum.

Answer 44

True

Question 45

Liquid petrolatum (p-chlorophenol + camphor) is used as?

Answer 45

External antiseptic and anti-irritant

Question 46

Generic Name of PC-MX and Metasep

Answer 46

p-chloro-m-xylenol

Question 47

Which of the following is true about p-chloro-m-xylenol? I. Nonirritating antiseptic with broad spectrum antibacterial and antifungal activities. II. 2% in shampoo III. Used topically for ringworm infections cause by T. pedis, and T. cruris IV. AOTA

Answer 47

IV. AOTA

Question 48

Give the properties of Hexachlorophene.

Answer 48

White to light tan crystalline powder Water insoluble Soluble in alcohol and other organic solvents Easily absorbed onto skin and enters sebaceous glands.

Question 49

T OR F Hexachlorophene is effective against gram + and gram -

Answer 49

FALSE. Hexachlorophene is only effective in gram +. It is RESISTANT to GRAM (-)

Question 50

T or F Hexachlorophene is available in OTC.

Answer 50

FALSE.

Question 51

Why was hexachlorophene banned as OTC?

Answer 51

Due to reports of neurotoxicity in bathed infants and burn patients cleansed with the agent.

Question 52

Other name for Thymol?

Answer 52

Isopropyl m-cresol

Question 53

Thymol is extracted from oil of?

Answer 53

Thymus vulgaris

Question 54

T or F Thymol is insoluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohols and organic solvents.

Answer 54

FALSE Thymol is slightly soluble in water and extremely soluble in alcohols and organic solvents.

Question 55

What properties does thymol have?

Answer 55

Mild fungicidal properties. | Also used in alcohol solution and dusting powders for ringworm infections.

Question 56

What is the structural formula of thymol

Answer 56

C10H14O.

Question 57

Give the properties and uses of Eugenol. | Physical property, solubility in solvents, and uses

Answer 57

Pale yellow liquid, strong clove aroma, and pungent taste. Slightly soluble in water, miscible in alcohol, and organic solvents. Uses: Local anestheticss, antiseptics activities in mouthwash

Question 58

Phenol coefficient of eugenol?

Answer 58

14.4

Question 59

Mixture of 3 isomeric methyphenols

Answer 59

Cresol

Question 60

The following is true about Cresol, EXCEPT: I. Inexpensive antiseptic and disinfectant II. Has a phenol coefficient of 2.5 III. Sparingly soluble in water, soluble in alc and organic solvents IV. Has yellow to brownish yellow liquid and unpleasant creosote odor. V. NOTA

Answer 60

V. NOTA All of the following are true about Cresol.

Question 61

Cresol is obtained from ______ or ______ by alkaline extraction into aqueous medium, ________, and ___________.

Answer 61

Coal tar or Petroleum Acidification Fractional distillation

Question 62

Also called as m-dihydroxybenzene

Answer 62

Resorcinol

Question 63

Number 1-5: T or F 1. Resorcinol is light sensitive and oxidizes readily 2. It is a weak antiseptic with phenol coefficient of 4 3. 10-20% used in solutions. 4. 1-3% in treatment for ringworm, eczema, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis 5. Keratolytic

Answer 63

1. True 2. True 3. False. 1-3% used in solutions. 4. False. 10-20% in treatment for ringworm, eczema, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis 5. True

Question 64

A phenol derivative that produces numbness to the tongue.

Answer 64

Hexylresorcinol

Question 65

Hexylresorcinol is used as? (3)

Answer 65

FAB: Fungicidal Antiseptic Bactericidal

Question 66

T or F 1. Hexyresorcinol has phenol coefficient of 89 2. Freely soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol

Answer 66

1. False. Phenol coefficient of 98. | 2. False. Freely soluble in Alc, slightly soluble in water

Question 67

1. Phenol Derivative found in throat lozenges. 2. Disinfectant superior to formaldehyde. 3. Used for temperature-sensitive medical equipment.

Answer 67

1. Hexylresorcinol 2. Glutaraldehyde 3. Ethylene dioxide

Question 68

Found effective against anaerobic bacteria and used to cleanse contaminated wounds.

Answer 68

Oxidizing Agents

Question 69

Oxidizing Agents react in tissues to generate _____ and ________

Answer 69

Oxygen and oxygen radical

Question 70

Give two oxidizing agents (Based on H.O.) and give their uses.

Answer 70

1. Carbamide Peroxide Topical solution - Antiseptic, disinfectant - tx of oral ulcerations - Dental care 2. Hydrous Benzoyl Peroxide - 5% and 10% keratolytic, keratogenic and acne treatment

Question 71

Oldest germicide still in use today and used as a tincture and liniment in 1830s

Answer 71

Elemental Iodine

Question 72

1% Iodine in 50% alcohol with Sodium Iodide.

Answer 72

Iodine Tincture

Question 73

Also known as Lugol's solution and composed of 5% Iodine in water with KI.

Answer 73

Strong iodine solution

Question 74

2% Iodine in water with NaI.

Answer 74

Iodine Solution

Question 75

Also known as Polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone - Iodine and Isodine

Answer 75

Povidone-Iodine

Question 76

a. Povidone-Iodine is nontoxic, nonvolatile, nonstaining, and nonirritating. b. It is water soluble and releases iodine very slowly. c. 10% bioavailable iodine d. Used as presurgical disinfectant & treatment of local bacterial and fungal infections. ``` A. One of the statements is correct. B. Two of the statements are correct. C. Three of the statements are correct. D. All of the statements is correct. E. None of the statements is correct. ```

Answer 76

D. All of the statements are correct

Question 77

All of the statements about hypochlorous acid are true, EXCEPT: I. It is formed when chlorine is dissolved in water. II. NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2 are examples of inorganic hypochlorite salts. III. Antiseptic effect optimal at pH 9. IV. The chlorination of amide nitrogen atoms and hydrogenation of sulfhydryl groups in proteins make it an active germicidal specie. a. II, IV b. III, IV c. I, II d. I, III, IV e. I, II, III, IV

Answer 77

B. III, IV Correct Ans: Antiseptic effect optimal at pH 7. The chlorination of amide nitrogen atoms and OXIDATION of sulfhydryl groups in proteins make it an active germicidal specie.

Question 78

p-dichlorofulsamoylbenzoic acid

Answer 78

Halazone

Question 79

Halazone is slightly soluble in water at pH 7 and soluble in alkaline. T or F

Answer 79

True

Question 80

N, N-dichlorodicarbonamidine

Answer 80

Chloroazodin

Question 81

Chlorpactin

Answer 81

Oxychlorosene sodium

Question 82

Chlorpactin

Answer 82

Oxychlorosene sodium

Question 83

Oxychlorosene sodium uses.

Answer 83

``` Treatment of localized infections. removes necrotic tissues from massive infections or radiation necrosis Counteract odorous discharge Irritant Disinfect cysts and fistulas ```

Question 84

T or F 0.1% and 0.5% of Oxychlorosene sodium used in water and 0.1%, 0.2% used in urology and ophthalmology.

Answer 84

True

Question 85

Congrats for making it this far. <333333

Answer 85

Familiarize the structures.