ANTHONY CROSSLAND

Question 1

What party was Crosland part of and his position in that party?

Answer 1

Senior Labour Party politician who served in the Cabinet during the Labour Governments of the 60s and 70s

Question 2

What IS Crosland’s key work?

Answer 2

The future of socialism 1956

Question 3

What did Crosland think went too far?

Answer 3

Public/common ownership

Question 4

Crosland argued that public ownership was never the aim of socialism, just a method for achieving it, what did he view the aim of socialism was?

Answer 4

Equality

Question 5

What did Crosland believe could now be achieved within a managed capitalist economy?

Answer 5

Equality

Question 6

Which economist had changed capitalism according to Crosland?

Answer 6

John Maynard Keynes

Question 7

How did advanced societies enjoy permament economic growth and full employment?

Answer 7

Due to Keynesian principles

Question 8

According to Crosland how would these societies diminish inequalities?

Answer 8

Thanks to constant growth there would be a steady expansion of the welfare state

Question 9

What changed did Crosland note about society that was different from society in the times of Marx’s and Engels?

Answer 9

‘Infinitely more complex than Marx could ever have imagined’

Question 10

What were the ‘new classes’ that Crosland noted were different to those of the rational worker?

Answer 10

‘managers’ and ‘technocrats’

Question 11

What did Crosland argue socialism required?

Answer 11

A ‘mixed’ economy, which would comprise private ownership and enterprise, alongside key services and a small number of industries owned by the state.

Question 12

What did Crosland argue was the future task of socialist governments?

Answer 12

More public spending and better public services

Question 13

What was a new form of state education that Crosland argued would end the segregation of pupils at age 11 and create new schools catering for new abilities?

Answer 13

Comprehensive education

Question 14

What did Crosland believe this new form of education would achieve?

Answer 14

The breaking of class division achieved much better than under public ownership, because of ensuring equality of opportunity

Question 15

What position in government between 1965 and 1967 helped make Crosland vision of education become true?

Answer 15

Secretary Of State For Education

Question 16

What type of socialist was crossland

Answer 16

A social democrat - - - - Revisionist socialist

Question 17

Crossland’s view of human nature

Answer 17

Human nature has a powerful sense of “fairness” and an innate objection to huge inequalities of outcome

Question 18

Crossland’s view of the state

Answer 18

Democratic socialist governments prove that using the existing state can be used to effect radical socialist change

Question 19

Crossland’s view of society

Answer 19

Society is increasingly complicated, altered by the emergence of new social groups comprising “meritocratic” managers and “classless£ technocrats

Question 20

Crossland’s view of the economy

Answer 20

A mixed economy underpinned by limited public ownership and keynesian capitalism, will finance the greater public spending necessary to secure equality