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WJEC AS Biology > Animal Transport > Flashcards

Animal Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

Name essentials features of a transport system

A

Blood or fluid to carry dissolved substances and cells
System of blood vessels distributing blood around the body
A pump to circulate the blood in the vessels
Valves to prevent back-flow

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2
Q

Name advantages and disadvantages of an open circulatory system and give an example of where it occurs

A

Advantage: No blood pigment required
Disadvantage: Low pressure, blood moves slowly
Found in insects

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3
Q

Name advantages and disadvantages of a closed circulatory system and give an example of where it occurs

A

Advantage: More efficient, high pressure
Disadvantage: Blood vessels and pigment required
Found in Earthworms

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4
Q

Name advantages and disadvantages of a single circulatory system and give an example of where it occurs

A

Advantage: Blood passes through heart once
Disadvantage: Very low pressure, blood returns to heart slowly
Found in fish

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5
Q

Name advantages and disadvantages of a double circulatory system and give an example of where it occurs

A

Advantages: High pressure, more efficient, blood pressure maintained
Disadvantages: Heart requires four chambers
Found in mammals

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6
Q

Features of venules

A

Larger lumens than arterioles and thinner walls

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7
Q

Features of arterioles

A

Thinner than arteries, muscular walls with the ability to vasoconstrict and vasodilate

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8
Q

Features of arteries

A 
Thick muscular walls
Oxygenated blood except in pulmonary vein
Away from the heart
High blood pressure
Branch into arterioles
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9
Q

Features of veins

A 
Thinner, less muscular walls
Large lumen, irregularly shaped
Deoxygenated blood except in the pulmonary vein
Form from venules
Contain valves
Low blood pressure
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10
Q

Features of capillaries

A

Thin walls; one cell thick
Pores in walls make them permeable
Small diameter, slow blood down
Allows for diffusion between blood and tissue fluid

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11
Q

Describe the intrinsic contraction of heart muscle

A

Myogenic

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12
Q

What valve is between the left atrium and ventricle

A

Bicuspid valve

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13
Q

What valve is between the right atrium and ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve

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14
Q

Describe the pressure in the heart when the semi-lunar valves are open

A

Blood enters aorta, aorta pressure high

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15
Q

Describe the pressure in the heart when the atrioventricular valves are open

A

Atrial systole, pressure high in atria

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16
Q

Describe the pressure in the heart when the atrioventricular valves are closed

A

Ventricular systole, pressure high in ventricles

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17
Q

What does the P wave on an ECG show

A

Depolarisation through the atria during atrial systole

18
Q

What does the QRS wave on an ECG show

A

Depolarisation through ventricles just before ventricular systole

19
Q

What does the PR segment show on an ECG

A

Delay at the AV node

20
Q

How would you identify atrial fibrillation on an ECG

A

The tracing shows tiny, irregular fibrillations between heartbeats. The rhythm is irregular and erratic, and there may be no P wave

21
Q

How would you identify a myocardial infarction (heart attack) on an ECG

A

The QRS complex appears wider, and the ST complex may also appear elevated

22
Q

How would you identify an enlarged left ventricle on an ECG

A

The QRS complex has a greater amplitude and voltage

23
Q

What is a granulocyte

A

Phagocytic white blood cells

24
Q

What is an agranulocyte

A

Lymphocytic white blood cells

25
Q

What is a thrombocyte

A

A platelet

26
Q

What is an erythrocyte

A

A red blood cell

27
Q

How is oxygen transported with haemoglobin

A

It associates with haemoglobin in the alveoli and dissociates as the tissues requires oxygen

28
Q

Describe the path of the electrical impulse in the heart

A

Begins at the SA node before depolarising to both atria causing them to contract. The impulse is halted at the AV node to prevent the ventricles from contracting to soon, before the impulse travels down the Bundle of His to the Purkinje fibres, causing the ventricles to contract from the bottom upwards

29
Q

Describe the Bohr effect

A

The presence of carbon dioxide in the blood causes the formation of carbonic acid which causes the haemoglobin to reduce its affinity for oxygen and release it into the tissues

30
Q

What is myoglobin

A

Found in skeletal muscle and has a very high affinity for oxygen, allowing it to store oxygen until the muscle is short of it, eg, in sustained exercise.

31
Q

Describe the structure of myoglobin

A

Has a tertiary structure with only one haem

32
Q

Describe the haemoglobin affinity curve for organisms living in hypoxic conditions

A

The curve is shifted to the left

33
Q

What are the three ways carbon dioxide is carried in the blood

A

Dissolved in blood plasma
Carbamino-haemoglobin
Hydrogen carbonate ions

34
Q

Describe how carbon dioxide becomes hydrogen carbonate ions and the chloride shift.

A

Carbonic anhydrase catalyses the reaction between CO2 and water to form carbonic acid. A hydrogen dissociates, lowering the pH, and forcing the hydrogen carbonate ions out of the cell. This lets chloride ions in to balance the pH.

35
Q

What is the role of haemoglobin during the transport of CO2

A

A pH buffer by combining with hydrogen ions to form haemoglobinic acid

36
Q

Describe the formation of tissue fluid

A

When the hydrostatic pressure as the blood enters the capillary is greater than the osmotic pressure in the tissues, blood plasma is forced out of the pores in the capillaries and into the tissue

37
Q

Describe the reabsorption of tissue fluid

A

At the venous end of the capillary bed, the hydrostatic pressure is less than the osmotic pressure, forcing the tissue fluid back into the blood stream

38
Q

What are lymphatic vessels for

A

Draining away excess tissue fluid

39
Q

What is retention of tissue fluid called

A

Oedema

40
Q

What remains in the capillaries when the fluid is forced out

A

Red blood cells and plasma proteins

WJEC AS Biology (21 decks)

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