Anatomy - Upper Urinary Tract Flashcards
name the 4 structures of the urinary tract (in which urine passes through)
kidney
ureter
bladder
urethra
what 2 structures make up the upper urinary tract?
kidneys and ureters
what 2 structures make up the lower urinary tract?
the bladder and the urethra
an upper urinary tract infection may spread to what structure?
the kidneys
a lower urinary tract infection involves what 2 structures?
urethra and bladder?
name the 2 structures of the urinary tract in the abdomen
kidneys and the PROXIMAL ureters
the kidneys and proximal ureters are retroperitoneum
true or false?
true
name the 3 structures located in the pelvis
distal ureters
bladder
proximal urethra
name the structure located in the perineum
distal urethra
what is the medial part of the kidney called?
hilum = root of kidney
what enters and exits the kidney hilum?
artery, vein and ureter
what sits anterior in the hilum?
vein
artery behind and ureter below
name the 5 layers from kidney to peritoneum
- renal capsule
- perinephric fat
- renal (deep) fascia
- paranephric fat
- visceral peritoneum
state the 3 anterolateral abdominal wall muscles
external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis)
on a contract CT scan, what main vessel is situated on the LHS?
abdominal aorta
on a contract CT scan, what main vessel is situated on the RHS more anteriorly?
IVC
what is the structure located to the right of the abdominal aorta on CT scan?
crux of diaphragm
the kidneys lie _________ to quadrates lumborum and _______ to psoas major
the kidneys lie ANTERIOR to quadrates lumborum and LATERAL to psoas major
due to size of the _____ the ______ kidney lies slightly inferior than the ____
due to size of the LIVER the RIGHT kidney lies slightly inferior than the LEFT
vertebral level of right kidney?
L1-L3
vertebral level of left kidney?
T12-L2
name the ribs that protect the kidneys from posterior
ribs 11 and 12 - floating ribs
within which regions/quadrants are the kidneys?
L and R UQ
left and right lumbar (flank) region
ask the patient to breath ___ so the kidneys descend to palpate
ask the patient to treat IN so the kidneys descend to palpate
what does the right kidney lie posterior to?
liver hepatorenal recess 2nd part of duodenum ascending colon right colic flexure
what does the left kidney lie posterior to?
stomach
tail of pancreas
hilum of spleen
splenic vessels
name the most dependent part of the greater sac of the peritoneal cavity in the SUPINE patient
hepatorenal recess
renal artery or vein:
lies more anterior
renal veins
the common iliac arteries
are ________ to the common iliac veins
the common iliac arteries
are ANTERIOR to the common iliac veins
lymph from the kidneys drain to what nodes?
lumbar nodes
at what level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?
umbilicus
lymph from the ureters drain to what?
proximal = lumbar and lumbar = iliac nodes
name the 2 types of AAA
infra-renal and suprarenal
renal artery stenosis with an infrarenal AAA is due to what?
atherosclerosis
renal artery stenosis with an suprarenal AAA is due to what?
physical occlusion
each kidney consists of an outer and inner what?
outer cortex and inner medulla
the _______ contains renal pyramids
the MEDULLA contains renal pyramids
each pyramid contains around 50,000 _________
each pyramid contains around 50,000 NEPHRONS
what gives rise to the striped medulla appearance?
regularly arranged nephrons
urine drainage:
nephron _____________ duct -> minor _____ -> major _____ -> renal _______ -> ________
nephron COLLECTING duct -> minor CALYX -> major CALYX -> renal PELVIS -> URETER
name the first constriction of urine drainage
PELVIURETERIC JUNCTION - wide renal pelvis becomes narrow ureter
name the 3 anatomical sites of ureteric constriction
- pelviureteric junction
- when ureter crosses anterior aspect of the common iliac artery
- ureteric orifice (opening into the corner of the trigone on bladder floor)
other name for renal calculi?
renal stones from calcium salts
a ureteric obstruction can be as a result of both _______ and ________ obstruction
a ureteric obstruction can be as a result of both INTERNAL and EXTERNAL obstruction/compression
name the type of muscle in the ureter walls
smooth
peristalsis in an attempt to flush the obstruction results in what type of pain?
colicky
obstructions to the urethra cause __________ kidney problems
obstructions to the urethra cause BILATERAL kidney problems
urine production will continue until the pressure within the urinary tract exceeds the pressures favouring filtration at the __________
urine production will continue until the pressure within the urinary tract exceeds the pressures favouring filtration at the GLOMERULUS
renal failure means failure to adequately filter the _____ to produce _______
renal failure means failure to adequately filter the BLOOD to produce URINE
name the condition whereby urine back pressure into the calyces compresses the nephrons within the medullary pyramids leading to renal failure - very painful
hydronephrosis - ‘water inside of the kidney’
payable during clinical examination
