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Special Clientele > Anatomy & Physiology Review > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Review Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration:

A

Gas exchange within the body: dependent on an intact cardiovascular system.

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2
Q

External Respiration:

A

The exchange of gas O2 and CO2 at the alveolar capillary membrane between atmospheric air and the pulmonary capillaries

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3
Q

Internal Respiration:

A

The exchange of gas 02 and CO2 at the tissue level between red blood cells and the cells of the tissues.

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4
Q

Ventilation

A

Movement of air in and out of the Lungs.

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5
Q

Thorax

A

Functions to protect the internal organs of respiration, circulation and digestion and to provide the site of attachment of the mm of respiration to mechanically enlarge thorax.

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6
Q

MM for inspiration

A

Diaphragm (C3-C5)
External Intercostals
Accessory mm

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7
Q

Diaphragm

A

Inspiration

C3-C5 major mm of inspiration, moves caudally (inferior) as it contracts to increase the capacity of the thoracic cage.

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8
Q

External Intercostals

A

Inspiration
Segmental intercostal nerves VPR T1-11; function to prevent the intercostal spaces being sucked in by negative intrathoracic pressure and to lift ribs

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9
Q

Accessory MM

A 
Inspiration:
May become to primary mm of inspiration when the diaphragm is ineffective or weak
-sternocleidomastoid: 
-Upper trapezius
-Scalenes
-Serratus anterior
-Pectoralis major
-Pectoralis minor
-Erector spinae
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10
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

When head is fixed elevates sternum; most important accessory mm of inspiration

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11
Q

Upper Trapezius

A

Stabilizes scapulae to allow serratus and pectoralis minor to elevate ribs.

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12
Q

Scalenes:

A

When C- spine is fixed elevate ribs 1 & 2

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13
Q

Serratus anterior

A

When scapulae fixed elevate ribs

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14
Q

Pectoralis Major

A

(Action is to pull trunk up when arms are fixed, used during forced inhalation) when UE’s fixed, draws ribs towards UE’s

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15
Q

Pectoralis Minor

A

When scapulae fixed elevates ribs like serratus

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16
Q

Erector spinae

A

Extend vertebral column, allowing further elevation of ribs.

17
Q

Expiration:

A
  • Relaxed or quiet: passive process due to elastic recoil

- Active ( controlled, forced, prolonged)

18
Q

MM of Expiration

A

Abdominals

Internal intercostals

19
Q

Abdominals for expiration

A

Intercostal nerves T 8-12, Iliohypogastric a& Ilioinguinal nerves.
-When thorax and pelvis are fixed function to depress the thoracic cage and force the abdominal contents superiorly into the diaphragm, placing diaphragm back in its resting position.

20
Q

INternal Intercostals

A

Segmental intercostal nerves VPR T1-11:

Interosseus portion functions to depress the ribs.

21
Q

Lungs Sections

A
  • Rt lung: upper, middle, and lower
  • Lt. Lung: Upper and lower lobes and lingual ( Lt. lung contains no middle lobe, however on the upper lobe of the Lt lung there is a projection that the term is derived from.
22
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A

Volume of air in lungs at full inspiration: divided into 4 volumes:

  • Tidal Volume
  • INspiratory reserve volume
  • Expiratory reserve volume
  • Residual volume
23
Q

Tidal Volume

A

TV: amount of air inspired and expired during normal resting ventilation: about 500 mL/ breath for young, healthy, male; 350 mL of which take part in gas exchange; 150 mL remain in conducting airways.

24
Q

IRV

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

-Volume of air that can be inspired in excess of a tidal inhalation

25
Q

ERV

A

Expiratory Reserve volume

-Volume of air that can be expired in excess of a tidal exhalation

26
Q

RV

A

Residual Volume

-Volume of air remaining after ERV has been exhaled

27
Q

INspiratory Capacity

A

IC:
Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
-volume of air that can be inspired beginning from tidal exhalation

28
Q

FRC

A

Functional residual capacity
residual volume + expiratory reserve volume
- volume of air remaining at the end of a tidal exhalation

29
Q

VC

A

Vital Capacity
Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume
- total volume of air within the lungs that is under volitional control

30
Q

Flow rate

A

Measure volume of air moved in a period of time; reflect the ease with which the lungs can be ventilated and are related to the elasticity of the lungs: two of particular interest.

  • forced expiratory volume in 1 sec.
  • forced expiratory flow from 25-75% of FVC
31
Q

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second

A

(FEV1)

Thought to reflect the status of the larger airways in the lungs

32
Q

Forced expiratory flow from 25- 75% of FVC

A

(Flow volume curve)
Flow rate in the middle of the forced expiratory flow volume curve: thought to reflect the status of the smaller, more fragile airways.

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