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Cardiovascular + Pulmonary Systems > Anatomy + Physiology Of The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Anatomy + Physiology Of The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the apex of the heart located?

A
  • The apex of the heart is the the lowest part of the heart

- It projects anteriorly and to the left at the level of the 5th intercostal space and the left midclavicular line

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2
Q

What is the apex formed by?

A

Formed but the INFEROLATERAL part of the LEFT ventricle

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3
Q

Where is the base of the heart located?

A

The upper border of the heart involving the LEFT atrium, part of the RIGHT atrium, and the proximal portions of the GREAT VESSELS.

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4
Q

Where is the base of the heart located?

A

Lies approximately below the 2nd RIB at the level of the 2nd intercostal space

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5
Q

What is the endocardium of the heart?

A

The endothelial tissue that lines the INTERIOR of the heart chambers and valves

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6
Q

What is the Epicardium of the heart?

A

The Serous layer of the pericardium.

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7
Q

What does the epicardium of the heart contain?

A
  • The epicardial coronary arteries and veins
  • Autonomic nerves
  • Lymphatic
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8
Q

What is the myocardium of the heart?

A

The thick contractile middle layer of the muscle cells that forms the bulk of the heart wall

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9
Q

What is the pericardium of the heart?

A

The thick contractile middle leader of muscle cells that forms the bulk of the heart wall

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10
Q

Which vessels is the largest artery and the central conduit of blood from the heart to the body?

A

Aorta

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11
Q

Where is the aorta located?

A

Begins at the upper part of the left ventricle, and after ascending for short distance arches backward and to the the left (arch of the aorta) and passes into the abdominal cavity (abdominal aorta)

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12
Q

Which vein returns VENOUS blood from the lower body and viscera to the RIGHT atrium?

A

Interior Vena Cava

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13
Q

Which arteries carry DEOXYGENATED blood from the RIGHT ventricle to the LEFT + RIGHT lungs

A

Pulmonary arteries

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14
Q

What veins carry OXYGENATED blood from the RIGHT + LEFT lungs to the LEFT atrium?

A

Pulmonary veins

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15
Q

What vein returns the VENOUS blood from the head, neck, and arms to the RIGHT atrium?

A

Superior Vena Cava

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16
Q

Name the superior chambers of the heart

A

Right (RA) and left atrium (LA)

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17
Q

What separates the atria?

A

The atrial septum

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18
Q

Name the inferior chambers of the heart.

A

Right (RV) and Left ventricles (LV)

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19
Q

What separates the ventricles?

A

Ventricular septum

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20
Q

The right heart chambers collect blood from where?

A

From the body and pump it to the lungs

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21
Q

The left chambers collect blood from where?

A

From the LUNGS and pump it to the rest of the body

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22
Q

List the four valves of the heart

A
  1. atrioventricular valves (AV)-Tricuspid
  2. Atrioventricular valve (AV)-Mitral
  3. Aortic valve
  4. Pulmonary Valve
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23
Q

Where are the atrioventricular valves located (AV)?

A
  • Between the atria and the ventricles

- named by the number of leaflets or cusps

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24
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located and how many leaflets does it have?

A

Between Right Atrium and Ventricle

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25
Q

What is the function of the tricuspid valve?

A

It controls blood flow between the RA and RV.

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26
Q

What is the name of the left AV valve? How many leaflets does it have?

A

Mitral

2

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27
Q

What is the function of the Mitral Valve?

A

It controls blood form between the LA and LV

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28
Q

Where is the aortic valve located?

A

Between the LV and aorta

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29
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve located?

A

Between the RV and pulmonary artery

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30
Q

Describe the Blood Flow of the heart.

A
  1. Venous blood from superior/inferior vena cava enters RA
  2. Pumped through TRICUSPID valve into the RV
  3. TRICUSPID closes while the RV contracts to pump blood thru the PULMONARY valve and into the PULMONARY TRUNK (divides R + L lungs)
  4. Blood picks up O2 and releases CO2 in the pulmonary capillaries and the oxygenated blood returns via the PULMONARY Veins to the LA
  5. Contraception of LA forces blood through mitral valve into LV.
  6. Mitral Valve closes when the LV contracts to pump blood thru the aortic valve into the AORTA
  7. Blood is distributed into the coronary circulation and systemic circulation
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31
Q

Describe the coronary arteries.

A

Network of progressively smaller vessels that carry oxygenated blood to myocardium

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32
Q

Where to the Right and Left coronary arteries arise form?

A

The ascending aorta just beyond where the aorta leaves the LV

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33
Q

T or F: The right and left coronary arteries and their branches supply ALL parts of the myocardium

A

True

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34
Q

What are the branches of the Right Coronary Artery?

A
  1. Sinus node artery
  2. Right Marginal Artery
  3. Posterior descending arter
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35
Q

What part of the heart does the sinus node artery supply?

A

Right atrium

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36
Q

What part of the heart does the marginal artery supply?

A

Right ventricle

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37
Q

What part of the heart does the posterior descending artery supply?

A
  • Left atrium
  • Inferior walls of BOTH ventricles
  • Inferior portion of the interventricular septum
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38
Q

What are the branches of the Left coronary artery?

A
  1. Circumflex artery

2. Left anterior descending artery

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39
Q

What parts of the heart does the circumflex artery supply?

A
  • LEFT atrium
  • Posterior and lateral walls of the LEFT ventricle
  • Anterior and inferior walls of the LEFT ventricle
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40
Q

What parts of the heart does the left anterior descending artery supply?

A

Anterior portion of the interventricular septum

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41
Q

Name the coronary veins

A
  1. Coronary sinus
  2. Cardiac veins
  3. Thebesian veins
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42
Q

Where does the Great cardiac vein drain into (also middle and small cardiac veins)?

A

The coronary sinus, emptying into the RA.

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43
Q

Where do the thebesian veins arise from?

A

Arise in the myocardium

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44
Q

Where do the thebesian veins drain into?

A

Drain into all chambers of the heart, but primarily into the RA and RV.

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45
Q

What are the components of the cardiac conduction system?

A
  1. Sinoatrial (SA) node
  2. internodal tracts
  3. Atrioventricular (AV) node
  4. Common AV bundle or bundle of His
  5. R and L bundle branches
  6. Pukinje fibers
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46
Q

T of F: each cardiac myocyte has an intrinsic ability to depolarize and propagate electrical impulses from cell to cell without nerve stimulation

A

True

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47
Q

Which node is the pacemaker of the heart?

A

SA node

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48
Q

Describe the Cardiac conduction system.

A
  1. SA > AV > atrial musculature
  2. Bachmann bundle appears to conduct the cardiac impulse preferentially from R to L atrium
  3. At lower end of the AV node, the nodal fibers form the common bundle of His which passes to the interventricular septum and divides into right and left bundle branches
  4. Branches divided into purkinje fibers that extend into both ventricular walls
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49
Q

Along cardica automaticity is intrinsic to the SA node, what other system influence the heart rate, rhythm, and contractility?

A

ANS

50
Q

What nerves converge to form the cardiac plexus at the base of the heart?

A

Vagus and sympathetic cardiac nerves

51
Q

When is sympathetic influence of the heart achieved?

A

Achieved by release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

52
Q

What does the sympathetic nerves stimulation the chambers of the heart to do?

A

Beat faster (chronotropic effect) and with greater force of contraction (inotropic effect)

53
Q

Sympathetic influence on the heart results in what?

A

Chronotropic and Inotropic effect

54
Q

Parasympathetic influence on the heart is achieved by?

A

Achieved via acetylcholine release from the vagus nerve

55
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the heart?

A

-slows the HR (chronotropic effect) primary through their influence on the SA node

56
Q

List the neuronal reflexes of the heart.

A
  1. Baroreceptor reflex
  2. Bainbridge reflex
  3. Chemoreceptors reflex
  4. Valsalva maneuver
57
Q

What kind of receptors are baroreceptors?

A

mechanoreceptors that detect changes in PRESSURE

58
Q

What is the reflexes by which BP is maintained called collectively?

A

Baroreflex, which includes arterial baroreceptors (high pressure receptors located in the CAROTID sinus, aortic arch, and origin of the Right subclavian artery) and cardio pulmonary receptors (low pressure receptors)

59
Q

What does sympathetic activation of the heart lead to ?

A
  1. Increased Cardiac contractility
  2. Increased heart rate
  3. Venoconstriction
  4. Arterial vasoconstriction

***Ultimately leading to increased blood pressure (BP) via elevation of total peripheral resistance (TPR) and cardiac output (Q)

60
Q

What does parasympathetic activation of the heart lead to?

A
  1. Decrease in HR

2. Small decrease in contractility, resulting in a decrease in BP

61
Q

Describe the bainbridge reflex.

A
  • An increase in venous return stretches receptors in the wall of the RA which sends vagal afferent signals to the cardiovascular center within the medulla
  • The signals inhibit parasympathetic activity, resulting in an increased HR
62
Q

Where are chemoreceptors located?

A

chemosensitive cells located in the carotid bodies and the aortic body

63
Q

what do chemoreceptors respond to?

A

Respond to changes in pH status and blood oxygen tension

64
Q

At an aerial partial oxygen pressure of <50mmHg or in conditions of ACIDOSIS what system will the chemoreceptors stimulate?

A
  • The respiratory centers and increase the depth and rate of ventilation
  • In addition, the ensuing activation of the Parasympathetic system reduces HR and myocardial contractility
65
Q

In the case of persistent hypoxia what will happen to the CNS?

A

The chemoreceptors will stimulate the CNS with a resultant increase in sympathetic activity

66
Q

What is the valsalva maneuver.

A

Forced expiration against a closed glottis produces increased intrathoracic pressure, increased central venous pressure, and decrease venous return

Results in decreased Q and BP

67
Q

During a valsalva maneuver the resultant decrease in Q and BP is sensed by which receptors?

A

Baroreceptors, which reflexively increase HR rand myocardial contractile through sympathetic stimulation

68
Q

Describe what happens with the glottis opens

A
  • venous return increases, BP, contractile
  • The increase in BP is sensed by the baroreceptors, which reflexively decreases HR thru the parasympathetic efferent pathways
69
Q

Atrial Systole

A

The contraction of the right and left atria pushing blood into ventricles

70
Q

Atrial diastole

A

The period between atrial contractions when the atria are repolarizing (filling up)

71
Q

Ventricular systole

A

Contraction of the Right and left ventricles pushing blood into the pulmonary arteries and aorta

72
Q

Ventricular diastole

A

Period b/t ventricular contractions when the ventricles are repolarizing

73
Q

Preload

A

Refers to the tension in the ventricular wall at the end of diastole

Reflects the venous filling pressure that fills the left ventricle during diastole

74
Q

Afterload

A

Referees to teh forces that impede the flow of blood out of the heart, primarily the pressure in the peripheral vasculature, the compliance of the aorta, and the mass and viscosity of blood

75
Q

Stroke volume (SV)

A

Referees to the volume of blood ejected by each contraction of the LEFT ventricle

76
Q

What is a Normal SV?

A

Ranges from 60 to 80 ml depending on age, sex and activity

77
Q

Cardiac output (CO/Q)

A

The amount of blood pumped from the left or right ventricle per MINUTE.

CO= SV x HR

78
Q

What is Normal CO for an adult male at rest ?

A

4.5 to 5.0 L/min

79
Q

What is normal CO for women an rest?

A

Women produce slightly less than men

80
Q

How much can CO increase during exercise?

A

25 L/min during exercise

81
Q

Venous return

A

The amount of blood that returns to the rights atrium each minute.

This is similar in volume to CO because the Cardiovascular system is a closed loop, venous return must equal CO when averaged over time

82
Q

The systemic ARTERIAL circulation carries ___________ from the ______ ventricle through the ________, ________, and _________ to the capillaries in the tissues of the body.

A
  1. Oxygenated blood
  2. Left ventricle
  3. Aorta, arteries, and arterioles
83
Q

From the capillaries, ________ returns through a series of venues and veins

A

Deoxygenated blood

84
Q

What are the veins of the UE and LE subdivided into?

A

Superficial and deep

85
Q

Where do the superficial veins lie?

A

Lie beneath the skin between the two layers of superficial fasica

86
Q

Where do the deep veins run?

A

Deep veins accompany the arteries

87
Q

T or F: Both types of veins have valves

A

True, but they are more numerous in the deep veins than superficial and in LE veins than UE veins

88
Q

What is the function of blood?

A

Transports O2 and nutrients to the cells of the body and returns waste products from these cells.

89
Q

What is normal blood volume for an adult?

A

Between 4.5 - 50 L, which women’s volume being slightly less than men

90
Q

What is hypovolemia?

A

Decreased blood volume, specifically the volume of plasma

91
Q

What are causes of hypovolemia?

A

Bleeding, dehydration form vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, sever burns, and diuretic medications used to treat hypertension

92
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of hypovolemia

A
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • tachycardia
  • elevated blood temperature
93
Q

What is hypervolemia (fluid overload)?

A

Referees to increased blood plasma.

94
Q

What are causes of hypervolemia?

A

Excess intake of fluids (IV or blood transfusion)

Sodium or fluid retention (heart failure, kidney disease)

95
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of Hypervolemia?

A

Swelling in the legs

Ascites (fluid in abdomen)

Fluid in the lungs

96
Q

What is the plasma of blood?

A

The liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells and platelets are suspending

97
Q

What does plasma consist of ?

A

Water, electrolytes, and proteins, and accounts for more than half of the total blood volume

98
Q

Why is plasma important?

A

Important for regulating BP and temperature

99
Q

T or F: Erythrocytes (RBCs) make up approximately 40% of blood volume

A

True

100
Q

What do erythrocytes contain?

A

Hemoglobin (a protein that gives blood its red color and enables it to bind with O2)

101
Q

Describe anemia.

A

When the number of erythrocytes is too low

the blood carries less O2, resulting in fatigue and weakness

102
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

The number of erythrocytes is too high, the blood is too thick, increasing the risk of stroke or heart attack

103
Q

Thrombocytes (blood platelets) assist in what?

A

Assist in blood clotting by clumping together at a bleeding site and forming a plug that helps to seal the blood vessel

104
Q

Describe thrombocytopenia

A

A low number of platelets, which increases the risk of bruising and abnormal bleeding

105
Q

Describe Thrombocythemia.

A

A high number of platelets, the blood becomes too thick.

This increases the risk of thrombosis, which may result in stroke or heart attack

106
Q

What is the function of leukocytes (WBCs)?

A

Protect against infection

107
Q

Describe leukopenia?

A

Low number of leukocytes which increases the risk of infection

108
Q

Describe leukocytosis.

A

Abnormally high amount of leukocytes (WBCs); can indicated infection or leukemia

109
Q

Name the 5 types of leukocytes (WBCs).

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Lymphocytes
  3. Monocytes
  4. Eosinophils
  5. Basophils
110
Q

What is the function of a neutrophil?

A

Help protect the body against infections by ingesting bacteria and debris

111
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphocyte?

A

Consist of the 3 main types:

  1. T-lymphocytes
  2. Natural killer cells
  3. B lymphocytes
112
Q

What is the function of a T-cell and a natural killer cell?

A

Help protect against viral infections and can detect and destroy some cells with cancer cells

113
Q

What is the function of a B-cell?

A

Develop into cells that produce antibodies

114
Q

What is the function of a monocytes?

A

Ingest dead or damaged cells and help defend against infectious organisms

115
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

Kill parasites, destroy cancer cells, and are involved in allergic responses

116
Q

What is the function of Basophils?

A

Participate in allergic responses

117
Q

The Right Coronary artery supplies blood to what portion of the LV ?

A

RCA supplies blood to inferior and posterior aspects of LV

therefore causes inferior and posterior MI

118
Q

Left anterior descending artery supplies what portions of the heart?

A

The LAD supplies the Anterior and septal aspects of the LV

Therefore LAD occlusions are likely to produce anterior and septal MIs

119
Q

The Left circumflex artery supplies what parts of the LV?

A

L CX supplies blood to the lateral wall (free wall) of LV

There responsible for production Lateral MIs

120
Q

List the main artsier s of the heart.

A 
A. Left main (LM)
B. Left anterior descending (LAD)
C. Left circumflex (CX)
D. Right coronary artery (RCA)
E. Posterior descending (PDA)

Cardiovascular + Pulmonary Systems (14 decks)

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