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Semester 2 Exams > Anatomy Part 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the urinary system?

A

To produce urine and eliminate it from the body

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2
Q

What are the organs of the urinary system?

A

2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 bladder
1 urethra

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3
Q

What is the name of the tube leading urine out of the body?

A

Urethra

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4
Q

What anchours these organs to surrounding structures and helps maintain normal position?

A

Connective tissue

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5
Q

What artery brings blood to the kidneys?

A

Renal artery

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6
Q

Reabsorption reoccurs where in the nephron?

A

Tubules

- Move water, electrolytes, all nutrients from tubules back into blood

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7
Q

Where is the kidneys work actually done?

A

In the nephrons

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8
Q

3 main parts of nephrons:

A
  1. Glomerulus
  2. Tubule
  3. Bowman’s capsule
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9
Q

Filtration occurs in what part of the nephron?

A

glomerulus

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10
Q

Functions of kidneys:

A
  1. To produce and secrete urine
  2. Fluid and electrolyte balance
  3. Acid base balance (proper pH)
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11
Q

What is the most important nitrogenous waste that exits the kidney from protein metabolism?

A

Urea

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12
Q

What happens in kidney failure?

A

Electrolytes aren’t held to their normal concentrations.

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13
Q

What 3 processes does kidneys go through to form urine? What substances are involved?

A

Filtration (water, electrolytes, and nutrients)
Reabsorption (water and electrolytes, normally all nutrients)
Secretion (potassium and hydrogen)

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14
Q

What regulates the volume of urine produced?

A

Changes in the amount reabsorbed from the distal and collecting tubules

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15
Q

ADH, is produced by what?

A

Anti-diuretic hormone

  • Produced in posterior pituitary
  • The amount of H2O reabsorbed is determined by ADH and aldosterone
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16
Q

What is the name of the clump of capillaries?

A

Glomerulus

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17
Q

What is the name of the tube/ passageway leading from the kidneys to the bladder?

A

Ureters

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18
Q

What is the most common disorder that happens within the kidney?

A

Kidney stones known as renal calculi

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19
Q

What happens as urine is secreted?

A

It drops out of collecting tubules into the ureters and down to the bladder

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20
Q

What forces urine down to the ureters and into the bladder?

A

Waves of involuntary muscle contraction

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21
Q

What forms the wall of the bladder?

A

Smooth muscle fibres

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22
Q

How many opening are in the floor of the bladder?

A

3

  • two form ureter
  • one into urethra
  • one urethra hole
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23
Q

Functions of the bladder:

A
  1. Reservoir for urine before it leave the body

2. Aided by urethra, expels urine from the body

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24
Q

T/F the female urethra is longer than the males

A

False, the female urethra is 1- 1/2 inches while the males is approx. 8 inches

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25
Q

The male urethra has two passageways, what are they for?

A

Semen

Urine

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26
Q

Urine components/substances:

A 
Nitrogenous wastes
Electrolytes 
Toxins
Pigments
Hormones
Various abnormal constituents
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27
Q

T/F urine is approximately 95% water

A

True

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28
Q

Respiratory system (excretory organ, substance excreted)

A

Excretory organ: lungs

Substance excreted: carbon dioxide, water

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29
Q

Digestive system (excretory organ, substance excreted)

A

Excretory organ: large intestine

Substance excreted: wastes from digestion, some metabolic wastes

30
Q

Name 5 functions of the respiratory system and explain:

A
  1. Gas exchanger
    - Oxygen breathed in, carbon dioxide breathed out
  2. Filters
    - Cleanses, warms, and humidifies air we breathe
  3. Influences speech
    - Sound production
  4. Assists in control of body’s acid base balance
    - Lower carbon dioxide - alkaline
    - Higher carbon dioxide - acidic
  5. Makes sense of smell possible
    - Olfactory receptors in
    Nasal mucosa
31
Q

The respiratory system consists of 3 general parts.

A

Upper respiratory tract
Lower respiratory tract
Accessory structures

32
Q

What are the parts of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nose
Pharynx
Sinuses
Larynx

33
Q

What are the parts of the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea
Bonchial tree
Lungs

34
Q

What are the accessory structures of the respiratory tract?

A

Oral cavity - mouth
Rib cage
Diaphragm

35
Q

Name the 3 parts of the pharynx:

A

Nasal pharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngeal pharynx

36
Q

When air is filtered what happens to it?

A
  1. Filtered of impurities
  2. Warmed
  3. Moistened
37
Q

Pharynx (throat) functions:

A
  • hallway for respiratory & digestive tracts
  • role in speech
  • takes part in eating, breathing & talking
38
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A
  • Located in the larynx (voice box)

- Protects airway against entrance of solids or liquids during swallowing

39
Q

T/F muscles change vocal cord length, tension, & regulate shape of larynx intel to change voice.

A

True

40
Q

What supplies musus to the nasal cavity?

A

Sinuses

41
Q

Where is the larynx located?

A

Located between pharynx and trachea

42
Q

Function of bronchi:

A

Distributes air to lungs interior

43
Q

What organ has a ciliated membrane lining with hair like projections that traps foreign substances?

A

Trachea (windpipe)

44
Q

What accomplishes the lungs vital function of gas exchange between air and blood?

A

Alveoli

45
Q

What is the function of the lungs?

A
  • Air distribution to the alveoli

- Gas exchanger - between blood and alveoli

46
Q

Name the single layer for gas exchange:

A

Alveoli sacs

47
Q

What is the region between the lungs?

A

Mediastinum

48
Q

Each lung is covered by a continuous double sac known as the _____?

A

Pleura

49
Q

What are the 3 functions of the digestive system?

A
  • Mastication
  • Absorption
  • Elimination
50
Q

Segments of the GI tract:

A
  • mouth
  • oropharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
51
Q

What are the 2 ways food is altered?

A

Mechanically

Chemically

52
Q

What provides the most absorption?

A

Jejunum

53
Q

Name the parts of the small intestine:

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
56
Q

Name the parts of the large intestine:

A
  • Cecum
  • Colon
  • Rectum
57
Q

What regulates flow into the bottom of the large intestine?

A

Ileocecal valve

58
Q

Esophagus extend from the _____ to ____.

A

Pharynx to stomach

59
Q

Function of liver:

A
  • Secretes bile
  • filters blood
  • detoxifies (alcohol, marijuana, food)
60
Q

How many salivary glands are there?

A

3 pairs

1) parotid gland
2) sublingual gland
3) submandibular gland

61
Q

Which intestine is the main organ for reabsorption of water and elimination?

A

Large intestine

62
Q

The pancreas acts as a dual function, for what?

A

Acts as an endocrine and exocrine gland

63
Q

What is the largest organ and gland in the body?

A

The liver

64
Q

Which intestine is the main organ of digestion and Absorption?

A

Small intestine

65
Q

What is formed when gastric juices mix with food?

A

Chyme

66
Q

What lines the small intestine?

A

Villi, surrounded by microvilli

67
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

Reabsorption of water and elimination of undigested waste

68
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Stores bile, then contracts and ejects it into the duodenum

69
Q

What protein is necessary for life?

A

Enzymes

70
Q

What makes the common bile duct?

A

Hepatic or cystic ducts

71
Q

Sphincter muscles of stomach:

A

Cardiac sphincter

Pyloric sphincter

72
Q

Accessory organs of digestion:

A
  • Salivary glands
  • Tongue
  • Teeth
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
  • Appendix
73
Q

Where is the stomach located?

A

Just below the diaphragm

74
Q

Mixture of food and saliva:

A

Bolus

Semester 2 Exams (8 decks)

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