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2nd Year - MSK > Anatomy Lecture 1 - Overview of the Lower Limb > Flashcards

Anatomy Lecture 1 - Overview of the Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

3 functions of the lower limb?

A

Supports body weight
Locomotion
Maintains balance

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2
Q

Where is the gluteal region?

A

Anatomical area located posteriorly to the pelvic girdle the proximal end of the femur

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3
Q

What does the muscles of the gluteal region do?

A

Move the lower limbs at the hip joint

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4
Q

See diagram 1

A

See diagram 1

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5
Q

What make up the superficial muscle group of the gluteal region? (4)

A

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia latae

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6
Q

See diagram 2

A

See diagram 2

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7
Q

Purpose of the superficial muscle group of the gluteal region?

A

Extensors, abductors and medial rotators of thigh

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8
Q

What muscles make up the deep muscle group of the gluteal region? (4)

A

Piriformis
Obturator internus
Gemelli
Quadratus femoris

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9
Q

Purpose of the deep muscle group of the gluteal region?

A

Lateral rotators of thigh and hip stabilisers

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10
Q

What nerves supply the deep muscle group of the gluteal region?

A

Sacral plexus

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11
Q

How do nerves enter/ exit the pelvis and perineum?

A

Via the greater and lesser sciatic foramen

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12
Q

What forms the greater and lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments

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13
Q

See diagram 3

A

See diagram 3

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14
Q

What quadrant of the gluteal region are injections usually given in?

A

Superolateral quadrent

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15
Q

What roots do the sciatic nerves arise from?

A

L4 - S3

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16
Q

Why is the size of the sciatic nerve important?

A

It is the largest nerve in the body

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17
Q

What does the sciatic nerves supply?

A

Posterior thing, all leg and foot muscles and most of the skin

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18
Q

What roots does the pudendal nerves arise from?

A

S2-S4

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19
Q

Purpose of the pudendal nerves?

A

Principal nerve to the perineum

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20
Q

What roots does the posterior cutaneous nerves of the thigh arise from?

A

S1 - S3

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21
Q

What does the posterior cuteness nerves of the thigh supply?

A

Skin over posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral perineum and upper medial thigh

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22
Q

See diagram 4

A

See diagram 4

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23
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve usually exit?

A

Inferior to piriformis

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24
Q

Does the sciatic nerve have a blood supply?

A

Yes, the artery to the sciatic nerve

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25
Q

What does the sciatic nerve supply in the gluteal region?

A

Nothing

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26
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve pass in the thigh?

A

Posterior thigh

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27
Q

What does the sciatic nerve divide into at the distal thigh?

A

Tibial nerve

Common fibular nerve

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28
Q

See diagram 5

A

See diagram 5

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29
Q

What is the femoral triangle?

A

An anatomical location in the upper inner thigh

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30
Q

Superior boundary of the femoral triangle?

A

Inguinal ligament

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31
Q

Medial boundary of the femoral triangle?

A

Lateral border of the adductor longus

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32
Q

Lateral boundary of the femoral triangle?

A

Medial border of the sartorius

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33
Q

Floor boundary of the femoral triangle?

A

Iliospsoas and pectineus

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34
Q

Roof boundary of the femoral triangle?

A

Deep fascia (fascia lata)

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35
Q

See diagram 6

A

See diagram 6

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36
Q

See diagram 7

A

See diagram 7

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37
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

Increased pressure within one of the body’s compartments caused by swelling of tissue or increase in fluid (bleeding) - affects functions of the nerves or muscles

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38
Q

Treatment of acute compartment syndrome?

A

Fasciotomy (relieves pressure)

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39
Q

Compartments of the thigh?

A

Anterior, medial and posterior compartmetns

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40
Q

Compartments of the leg?

A

Anterior, posterior and lateral compartments

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41
Q

Flexors of the thigh contained within the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Pectineus
Iliopsoas (soas major/ min + iliacus)
Sartorius
Rectus femoris

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42
Q

Extensor of the leg contain within the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Quadriceps femoris (vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, rectus femoris)

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43
Q

What nerves are contained within the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Femoral nerve

Psoas major

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44
Q

What roots make up the femoral nerve?

A

L2, L3, L4

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45
Q

Innervation of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A 
Femoral nerve (L2, 3, 4) - all muscles except:
Psoas major = L1, L2, L3 of lumbar plexus
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46
Q

What group of muscles are contained in the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Adductors of the thigh

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47
Q

What muscles are contained in the medial compartment of the thigh?

A 
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Obturator externus
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48
Q

See diagram 8

A

See diagram 8

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49
Q

See diagram 9

A

See diagram 9

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50
Q

What groups of muscles are contained within the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Extensors of thigh and flexors of leg

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51
Q

What muscles are contained in the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris

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52
Q

See diagram 10

A

See diagram 10

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53
Q

What groups of muscles are contained within the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Dorsiflexors of ankle and extensors of toes

54
Q

What muscles are contained in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius

55
Q

What nerve is contained within the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

All deep fibular nerve

56
Q

What are the roots of the all deep fibular nerve?

A

L4, L5

57
Q

What groups of muscles are contained within the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Evert foot

Weakly plantarflex ankle

58
Q

What muscles are contained within the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Fibularis longus

Fibularis brevis

59
Q

What nerve is contained within the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

All superifical fibular nerve

60
Q

What are the roots of the all superficial fibular nerve?

A

L5, S1, S2

61
Q

See diagram 11

A

See diagram 11

62
Q

What two groups of muscles are contained within the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Superficial group

Deep group

63
Q

What group of muscles are contained within the superficial group of the posterior compartment of the leg?
What muscles are in this group?

A

Plantar flexors of ankle
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris

64
Q

What group of muscles are contained within the deep group of muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?
What muscles are in this group?

A

Popliteus
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior

65
Q

See diagram 12

A

See diagram 12

66
Q

What makes up the superolateral boundary of the popliteal fossa?

A

Biceps femoris

67
Q

What makes up the supermodel boundary of the popliteal fossa?

A

Semimembranosus

68
Q

What makes up the inferior boundary of the popliteal fossa?

A

Gastrocnemius

69
Q

What makes up the roof of the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteal fascia

70
Q

Contents of the popliteal fossa?

A

Lots of dat
Terminal small saphenous vein
Popliteal vessels
Tibial and common fibular nerves

71
Q

See diagram 13

A

See diagram 13

72
Q

What does the superficial lymphatics of the lower limb follow?

A

Saphenous veins

73
Q

What lymph nodes does the superficial lymphatics of the lower limb drain to?

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

74
Q

Where does the superficial inguinal lymph nodes drain to?

Where does the deep inguinal lymph nodes drain to?

A

Both = external iliac lymph nodes (some lymph from the superficial inguinal lymph nodes drain to the deep inguinal lymph nodes first)
Those following the small saphenous vein drain to the popliteal lymph nodes first

75
Q

What do the deep lymphatics of the lower limb follow?

A

Deep veins

76
Q

What does the small saphenous vein drain to first?

A

The popliteal lymph nodes

77
Q

What do the deep lymphatics of the lower limb drain to?

A

Deep inguinal lymph nodes and then the external iliac lymph nodes

78
Q

See diagram 14

A

See diagram 14

79
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint?

A

Ball and socket

80
Q

What makes up the ball of the hip joint?

A

Head of femur

81
Q

What makes up the socket of the hip joint?

A

Acetabulum of hip

82
Q

How is the hip joint multiacxial?

A 
It can move in the following ways:
Flexion - extension
Abduction - adduction
Medial - lateral roation
Circumduction
83
Q

See diagram 15

A

See diagram 15

84
Q

See diagram 16

A

See diagram 16

85
Q

What 3 arteries give the main blood supply to the hip joint?

A

Medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries (give off retinacular arteries - branches of these arteries which supply the head of the femur)
Artery to head of femur

86
Q

What does the lateral and medial circumflex arteries normally branch from?

A

Deep femoral artery

87
Q

What is the artery to head of femur a branch of?

A

Obturator

88
Q

See diagram 17

A

See diagram 17

89
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

A

Hinge joint

90
Q

What is the main movement of the knee?

A

Flexion-extension (some medial-lateral rotation can occur when knee is flexed)

91
Q

See diagram 18

A

See diagram 18

92
Q

What stabilises the knee joint?

A

Ligaments

93
Q

What 3 extra capsular ligaments helps to stabilise the knee joint?

A

Patellar ligamnet
Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament
Medial (tibial) collateral ligament

94
Q

See diagram 19

A

See diagram 19

95
Q

What 2 intra-articular ligaments help to stabilise the knee joint?

A 
Anterior cruciate (ACL)
Posterior curciate (PCL)
96
Q

See diagram 19

A

See diagram 19

97
Q

What is another name for the achilles tendon?

A

Calcaneal tendon

98
Q

What is the thickest and strongest tendon in the body?

A

The calcaneal tendon

99
Q

How long is the calcaneal tendon?

A

15cm

100
Q

What does the calcaneal tendon attach to distally?

A

Calcaneal tuberosity of the calcaneus

101
Q

What is the normal result of the ankle jerk reflex?

A

Plantarflexion

102
Q

See diagram 20 and 21

A

See diagram 20 and 21

103
Q

What are the 6 regions of the lower limb?

A 
Gluteal
Femoral (thigh)
Knee
Leg
Ankle
Foot
104
Q

What innervates the gluteal muscles?

A

Gluteal nerves

105
Q

What nerve innervates gluteus maximum?

What nerve innervates all other muscles?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve

Superior gluteal nerve

106
Q

What is Trendelenburg’s gait?

A

an abnormal gait (as with walking) caused by weakness of the abductor muscles of the lower limb, gluteus medius and gluteus minimus. People with a lesion of superior gluteal nerve have weakness of abducting the thigh at the hip

107
Q

What does the greater sciatic foramen allow?

A

Passageway for structures into the gluteal region

108
Q

What does the lesser sciatic foramen allow?

A

Passageway for structures into the perineum

109
Q

Does the sciatic nerve exit in the greater or lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Greater sciatic foramen

110
Q

What is the contents of the femoral triangle from lateral to medial?

A

Femoral nerve
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Lymphatics

111
Q

In what type of people does chronic compartment syndrome sometimes occur?

A

Athletes - muscles become engorged with blood when exercising causing increased pressure (can cause pins and needles) - symptoms go away when relaxing

112
Q

What nerves innervate the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

All supplied by obturator nerve (L2, L3 and L4) except hamstring part of adductor magnus which is supplied by the tibial nerve

113
Q

What are the roots of the obturator nerve?

A

L2, L3, L4

114
Q

What are the 2 parts of the adductor magnus?

A

Hamstring part

Adductor part

115
Q

What nerves supply the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

All are supplied by the tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2) except the short head biceps femurs (common fibular division of sciatic)

116
Q

What are the roots of the tibial division of the sciatic nerve?

A

L5, S1, S2

117
Q

What does the common fibular nerve divide into and where does this occur?

A

Divides into the superficial and deep fibular nerve around the head of the fibula

118
Q

What nerve innervates the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibial nerve

119
Q

What deepens the acetabulum of the pelvis?

A

The acetabular labrum (ring of cartilage that surrounds the acetabulum of the hip)

120
Q

What forms the ligaments at the hip joint?

A

The thick part of fibrous layer of joint capsule

121
Q

What creates a spiral from the pelvis to femur?

A

Iliofemoral ligament

122
Q

Name the 3 ligaments of the hip joint?

A

Iliofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral

123
Q

What purpose do the ligaments of the hip joint have?

A

To strengthen the joint capsule

124
Q

What is the name of the ligament to the head of the femur at the hip joint?

A

Ligemanetum teres

125
Q

How many articulations does the knee joint have?

A

3:
2 X femerotibial
1 X femeropatellar

126
Q

What of the 3 types of joint is the knee joint?

A

Synovial joint (external fibrous layer and internal membranous layer which extends as bursae)

127
Q

Is the knee or the hip joint stronger?

A

Hip joint

128
Q

What muscle is used to unlock the knee?

A

Popliteus

129
Q

What are the menisci of the name?

Names?

A

Crescent fibrocartilage in the knee joint

Medial and lateral

130
Q

What 2 tendons join to form the calcaneal tendon?

A

Gastrocnemius and soleus

2nd Year - MSK (23 decks)

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